[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":293},["ShallowReactive",2],{"slug-why-are-we-afraid-of-androids-but-love-humanoid-robots":3},{"post":4,"relatedPosts":176,"relatedBooks":292},{"id":5,"date":6,"date_gmt":7,"guid":8,"modified":10,"modified_gmt":11,"slug":12,"status":13,"type":14,"link":15,"title":16,"content":18,"excerpt":21,"author":23,"featured_media":24,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":26,"template":27,"format":28,"meta":29,"categories":30,"tags":33,"project_category":46,"contact_email_category":47,"yst_prominent_words":48,"class_list":58,"better_featured_image":79,"acf":111,"yoast_meta":120,"_links":123},21185,"2018-07-12T13:50:12","2018-07-12T11:50:12",{"rendered":9},"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002F","2022-05-25T18:01:24","2022-05-25T16:01:24","why-are-we-afraid-of-androids-but-love-humanoid-robots","publish","post","https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwhy-are-we-afraid-of-androids-but-love-humanoid-robots",{"rendered":17},"Why Are We Afraid of Androids But Love Humanoid Robots?",{"rendered":19,"protected":20},"\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"5px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp style=\"color: #555;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px\">THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2018. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY BE OUT OF DATE NOW. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmagazine\">BROWSE OUR LATEST ARTICLES HERE\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>While the fluffy, seal-like PARO robot or the big-eyed, cartoon-figurish Pepper makes people smile, almost real-looking humanoid creatures, such as Sophia, horrify most individuals. Especially when she says she \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=W0_DPi0PmF0\">wants to destroy humanity\u003C\u002Fa>. What’s behind the remarkably different perceptions of robots? There is a term called uncanny valley determining the aesthetics of robots, and it will have a significant role in shaping medical robotics, too.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003C!--more-->\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Robot aesthetics – expert level\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Functionality, potential users or the eventual place of use determine in many respects how a machinic creature should look. However, those are far from decisive factors when it comes to figuring out the actual shape of a robot. Should it look like R2-D2 from Star Wars, HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey, KITT from the Knight Rider or The Terminator himself?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The range of robotic design is incredibly broad with the endpoints resembling R2-D2 as well as androids from the sci-fi series Westworld. The advancement of robotics comes with an array of mechanic creatures ranging from metallic animal-shaped skeletons through humanoid robotic companions to highly human-like androids. The latter ones specifically aim to mimic humans in form and presentation. They not only look recognizably human but also possess several human traits and behaviors.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21189\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"767\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Frobotic-drummer-by-leonardo-da-vinci.jpg\" alt=\"uncanny valley\" class=\"wp-image-21189\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Frobotic-drummer-by-leonardo-da-vinci.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Frobotic-drummer-by-leonardo-da-vinci-768x677.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Frobotic-drummer-by-leonardo-da-vinci-512x451.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Robotic Drummer designed by Leonardo da Vinci at the beginning of the 1500s. Source: www.waikatomuseum.co.nz\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Common sense would tell us that with the advancement of technology, androids would become more commonplace – \u003Cstrong>why would you build less realistic creatures when you can construct highly life-like robots, such as \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2015\u002Fdec\u002F31\u002Ferica-the-most-beautiful-and-intelligent-android-ever-leads-japans-robot-revolution\">Erica\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>? Why would you go for a toylike machine as a social companion robot? Aren’t more human-like creatures able to invoke a better sense of communion and companionship because of the resemblance?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Androids terrify people\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>It seems that the response is an unambiguous no. The reception for androids, such as Erica, Sophia or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthenextweb.com\u002Finsider\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F05\u002F5-creepiest-humanoid-robots-internet\u002F\">Tara\u003C\u002Fa>, who were all able to mimic human speech, facial expressions or movement, but couldn’t come close to perfectly resembling people, was the feelings of shock, panic with the mixture of awe for the technology. One of the creepiest robots is, for example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fphys.org\u002Fnews\u002F2011-06-showa-hanako-realistic-robot-novice.html\">Showa Hanako 2\u003C\u002Fa>, designed for helping dental students practice on her teeth.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ultra-realistic Dental Training Android Robot - Showa Hanako 2 #DigInfo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FWhzbFaNueKU?start=14&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>No wonder that the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davincisurgery.com\u002F\">daVinci\u003C\u002Fa> surgical robot, which aids surgeons during operations, looks like an industrial machine arm – instead of Sophia. The \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fxenex.com\u002F\">Xenex\u003C\u002Fa> robot, which disinfects a hospital room in minutes, looks like R2-D2 and not like Ava from the movie Ex Machina. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jibo.com\u002F\">Jibo\u003C\u002Fa>, Pepper, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.parorobots.com\u002F\">Paro\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bluefrogrobotics.com\u002Fen\u002Fhome\u002F\">Buddy\u003C\u002Fa>, all social companions easing loneliness or treating mental health issues, do rather resemble \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imdb.com\u002Ftitle\u002Ftt0910970\u002F\">Wall-E\u003C\u002Fa> than a human. \u003Cstrong>It seems that – especially in healthcare – there is a trend for non-humanistic robots instead of androids. And what’s the reason for it?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Arriving at uncanny valley\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The explanation for the preference of humans for “robotic robots” instead of highly realistic androids is \u003Cstrong>to be found in the aesthetic concept of “uncanny valley” and humans deep-rooted instincts and preferences.\u003C\u002Fstrong> The phenomenon was \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002F2009\u002F10\u002Funcanny-monkey\u002F\">identified in 1970 by a Japanese roboticist Masahito Mori\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>, who noticed that people presented with robots of increasingly realistic human likeness respond with growing empathy, right up to the point where the similarities are almost real. At that point, people are repulsed\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The sudden dip in the graph below describing their response gave the phenomenon its name.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Plenty of theories have sprung up in the next decades what causes the sudden abhorrence. Some believe that your brain cannot cope with the cognitive dissonance. When you see a robotic robot, you categorize it as a “robot”, when you look at an android, your brain actually sees a human, but if some details don’t fit the frames of being and acting like a human, it gets terrifying.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Some explain it with the human instinct for avoiding pathogenic creatures either as mates or as possible disease carriers; some say androids switch on humans’ innate fear of death or people start to unconsciously see them as violators of human norms and the meaning of personal identity. One thing is clear. It is deeply rooted.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-21195 size-full\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Funcanny-valley.gif\" alt=\"uncanny valley\" class=\"wp-image-21195\"\u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027715300640\">Source\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>So profoundly that \u003Cstrong>apparently not only humans but great apes are also terrified\u003C\u002Fstrong>. To test their preference, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002F2009\u002F10\u002Funcanny-monkey\u002F\">researchers showed macaque monkeys real pictures, digital caricatures and realistic reconstructions of other monkey faces\u003C\u002Fa>. To the latter, the macaques repeatedly averted their eyes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Where do healthcare robots stand on the uncanny valley graph?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The uncanny valley graph shows that up until the point of “almost-real”, robotic robots are cute, likable, relatable and reliable. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frowa.de\u002Fen\u002Fpharmacist\">ROWA dispenser robot\u003C\u002Fa> with its metallic arms and robotic movement pattern has a low humanness score, but that’s not as low as in the case of surgical robots, which are rather thought of as simple mechanic arms and not entire creatures. The ROWA is higher on the likeability axis: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Frobotics-blockchain-redesign-pharma-supply-chain\">pharmacists in Budapest even call one “Robi”, a cute nickname for Robert in Hungarian as well as for robot\u003C\u002Fa>. The robust \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.aethon.com\u002Ftug\u002Ftughealthcare\u002F\">TUG robot\u003C\u002Fa> and the streamlined \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.simeks.com.tr\u002Fen\u002Fportfolio-item\u002Frobocourier-autonomous-mobile-robot\u002F\">RoboCourier\u003C\u002Fa>, which make the in-hospital transport of medical devices, drugs, laboratory specimens or sensitive supplies easier, would score around the same values.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Social companion robots, such as the already mentioned Paro, Pepper, Jibo or Buddy would be considered even more likable – while their humanness score is fairly low. Riba or Robot for Interactive Body Assistance, as well as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.gizmag.com\u002Frobear-riken\u002F36219\u002F\">its Japanese version, the Robear\u003C\u002Fa> shaped like a giant, gentle bear with a cartoonish head, would have the same scores.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The robot dogs of Atlas-Boston Dynamics fall into the same category. How do we know? When researchers and testers handle the little doggos harshly, we empathize with them dearly. Just look at the one below trying to open a door!\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Human v robot dog: Boston Dynamics takes on its door-opening SpotMini\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FW1LWMk7JB80?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Deep down in the valley, creepy robots rule\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>On the other hand, for The Medical Futurist team, Sophia, Erica or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcs.stanford.edu\u002Fpeople\u002Feroberts\u002Fcs201\u002Fprojects\u002F2010-11\u002FComputersMakingDecisions\u002Frobotic-nurses\u002Findex.html\">the Actroid-F robot from the Japanese robotics firm, Kokoro\u003C\u002Fa>, constitute all the features which toss androids deep down into the uncanny valley. It doesn’t matter that they have humanlike expressions, perfect eyes, eyebrows and smooth-looking skin; certain small details cannot be captured so perfectly as not to freak out the audience. Kokoro reportedly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcs.stanford.edu\u002Fpeople\u002Feroberts\u002Fcs201\u002Fprojects\u002F2010-11\u002FComputersMakingDecisions\u002Frobotic-nurses\u002Findex.html\">announced plans to sell 50 units to museums and hospitals\u003C\u002Fa> to serve as receptionists or surveyors. We do wonder how that experiment will go down.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Insanely real female android talking!\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FEfNlI3jT8DE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>At the very moment, there are no robots at the other end of the valley. In science fiction, you have the androids of Westworld – played by human actors – who are totally human-like. Thus our brains do accept their existence. The same goes for the robots in the TV series \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imdb.com\u002Ftitle\u002Ftt4122068\u002F?ref_=nv_sr_1\">Humans\u003C\u002Fa> or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imdb.com\u002Ftitle\u002Ftt1446714\u002F?ref_=nv_sr_1\">David from Prometheus\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Be that as it may, there are robots which cannot be clustered. The \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fjanetwburns\u002F2016\u002F05\u002F19\u002Ftiny-origami-robot-captures-intruders-patches-holes-in-stomach\u002F#827ca632208c\">origami robot\u003C\u002Fa>, which can be swallowed and its capsule containing medication dissolves in the patient’s stomach and unfolds itself. It’s a very tiny, foldable machine. Another similarly uncategorizable robot is the blood-drawing machine. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.medgadget.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002Frobotic-phloebotomist.html\">Veebot, a blood-drawing robot\u003C\u002Fa> helps with finding a vein and taking a blood test in less than a minute. And what about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fdigital-health-makes-you-a-superhero\u002F\">exoskeletons\u003C\u002Fa>? These robotic structures boost human performance and augment capabilities. However, would you call it a robot? Could you place it on the graph? We are not sure about that.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>How to live together with robots?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The Medical Futurist believes that \u003Cstrong>in healthcare, “robotic robots” will be more commonplace in the coming decades – at least up until the moment when androids arrive at the level of total humanness.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Looking beyond aesthetics, though, robots, in general, will become more of an everyday phenomenon. Perhaps we will not arrive at Hans Moravec’s, founder of Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Institute, prediction that robots will emerge as their own species by 2040, but we have to get used to them. They will take over monotonous, repetitive tasks and re-shape how we think about plenty of professions. Although many people fear they will take their jobs (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.robotiq.com\u002F3-reasons-people-are-afraid-of-robots-and-why-they-shouldnt-be\">they won’t\u003C\u002Fa>), they should rather \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwhy-people-should-not-fear-digital-health\u002F\">prepare for a cooperative attitude to get the most out of the robot-human relationship\u003C\u002Fa>. Especially if artificial intelligence will boost it.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Moreover, general respect and appropriate treatment should characterize humans’ handling robots. This determines our values and our morals – not the robots. That’s why it was hard to watch when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=aR5Z6AoMh6U\">the robot dog of Boston Dynamics gets kicked – even if it’s for an experiment\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Watch robot dog 'Spot' run, walk...and get kicked\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FaR5Z6AoMh6U?start=47&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feepurl.com\u002FZejiT\">\u003Cb>Subscribe To The Medical Futurist℠ Newsletter\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cul class=\"wp-block-list\">\u003Cli>News shaping the future of healthcare\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Advice on taking charge of your health\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Reviews of the latest health technology\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\n\n\n\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"10px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>At The Medical Futurist, we are building a community for making a bold vision about the future of healthcare reality today.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FFIbMejImnxs\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003Cp>If you’d like to support this mission, we invite you to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">join The Medical Futurist Patreon Community\u003C\u002Fa>. A community of empowered patients, future-oriented healthcare professionals, concerned health policymakers, sensible health tech developers, and enthusiastic medical students. If there were ever a time to join us, it is now. Every contribution, however big or small, powers our research and sustains our future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">\u003Cstrong style=\"background-color: #e71d3299; color: #000;\">Click here to support The Medical Futurist from as little as $3\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fa> – it only takes a minute. Thank you.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n",false,{"rendered":22,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>While the fluffy, seal-like PARO robot or the big-eyed, cartoon-figurish Pepper makes people smile, almost real-looking humanoid creatures, such as Sophia, horrify most individuals. Especially when she says she wants to destroy humanity. What’s behind the remarkably different perceptions of robots? There is a term called uncanny valley determining the aesthetics of robots, and it will have a significant role in shaping medical robotics, too.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",6,21207,"closed",true,"","standard",{"_acf_changed":20,"footnotes":27},[31,32],511,512,[34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45],967,207,968,271,969,275,970,289,376,377,381,425,[],[],[49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57],2395,3347,1583,1683,1723,1729,1883,2373,2385,[59,14,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78],"post-21185","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bioethics","category-robotics","tag-aesthetics","tag-digital-health","tag-social-companion","tag-health","tag-uncanny-valley","tag-healthcare","tag-android","tag-innovation","tag-robot","tag-robotics-2","tag-sci-fi","tag-technology-2",{"id":24,"alt_text":80,"caption":27,"description":80,"media_type":81,"media_details":82,"post":5,"source_url":110},"TMF","image",{"width":83,"height":84,"file":85,"sizes":86,"image_meta":107},870,489,"2018\u002F07\u002Fandroid-robots.png",{"medium":87,"large":93,"thumbnail":98,"medium_large":102,"large_old_512x288":103},{"file":88,"width":89,"height":90,"mime-type":91,"source_url":92},"android-robots-370x208.png",370,208,"image\u002Fpng","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fandroid-robots-370x208.png",{"file":94,"width":95,"height":96,"mime-type":91,"source_url":97},"android-robots-768x432.png",768,432,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fandroid-robots-768x432.png",{"file":99,"width":100,"height":100,"mime-type":91,"source_url":101},"android-robots-150x150.png",150,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fandroid-robots-150x150.png",{"file":94,"width":95,"height":96,"mime-type":91,"source_url":97},{"file":104,"width":32,"height":105,"mime-type":91,"source_url":106},"android-robots-512x288.png",288,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fandroid-robots-512x288.png",{"aperture":108,"credit":27,"camera":27,"caption":27,"created_timestamp":108,"copyright":27,"focal_length":108,"iso":108,"shutter_speed":108,"title":27,"orientation":108,"keywords":109},"0",[],"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fandroid-robots.png",{"related_posts":112,"related_posts_footer":116,"cta_type":27,"cta_color":27,"subtitle":27,"related_books":20},[113,114,115],13329,14607,13689,[117,118,119],17427,13204,21023,{"yoast_wpseo_title":121,"yoast_wpseo_metadesc":122,"yoast_wpseo_canonical":15},"Why Are We Afraid of Androids But Love Humanoid Robots? - The Medical Futurist","What’s behind the remarkably different perceptions of robots? The Medical Futurist explains the term uncanny valley determining the aesthetics of robots.",{"self":124,"collection":130,"about":133,"author":136,"replies":139,"version-history":142,"predecessor-version":146,"wp:featuredmedia":150,"wp:attachment":153,"wp:term":156,"curies":172},[125],{"href":126,"targetHints":127},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21185",{"allow":128},[129],"GET",[131],{"href":132},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts",[134],{"href":135},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftypes\u002Fpost",[137],{"embeddable":26,"href":138},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fusers\u002F6",[140],{"embeddable":26,"href":141},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcomments?post=21185",[143],{"count":144,"href":145},20,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21185\u002Frevisions",[147],{"id":148,"href":149},46460,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21185\u002Frevisions\u002F46460",[151],{"embeddable":26,"href":152},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia\u002F21207",[154],{"href":155},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia?parent=21185",[157,160,163,166,169],{"taxonomy":158,"embeddable":26,"href":159},"category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcategories?post=21185",{"taxonomy":161,"embeddable":26,"href":162},"post_tag","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftags?post=21185",{"taxonomy":164,"embeddable":26,"href":165},"project_category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fproject_category?post=21185",{"taxonomy":167,"embeddable":26,"href":168},"contact_email_category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcontact_email_category?post=21185",{"taxonomy":170,"embeddable":26,"href":171},"yst_prominent_words","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fyst_prominent_words?post=21185",[173],{"name":174,"href":175,"templated":26},"wp","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.w.org\u002F{rel}",[177],{"id":119,"date":178,"date_gmt":179,"guid":180,"modified":182,"modified_gmt":183,"slug":184,"status":13,"type":14,"link":185,"title":186,"content":188,"excerpt":190,"author":23,"featured_media":192,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":26,"template":27,"format":28,"meta":193,"categories":194,"tags":196,"project_category":202,"contact_email_category":203,"yst_prominent_words":204,"class_list":211,"better_featured_image":219,"acf":240,"yoast_meta":247,"_links":250},"2018-06-30T10:43:45","2018-06-30T08:43:45",{"rendered":181},"http:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002F?p=21023","2022-05-25T17:48:18","2022-05-25T15:48:18","could-you-sue-diagnostic-algorithms-or-medical-robots-in-the-future","https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fcould-you-sue-diagnostic-algorithms-or-medical-robots-in-the-future",{"rendered":187},"Could You Sue Diagnostic Algorithms Or Medical Robots In The Future?",{"rendered":189,"protected":20},"\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"5px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp style=\"color: #555;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px\">THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2018. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY BE OUT OF DATE NOW. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmagazine\">BROWSE OUR LATEST ARTICLES HERE\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>What if a deep learning algorithm misses a diagnosis, the doctor accepts the judgment and the patient dies? What if a surgical robot injures a patient during a procedure? Who will be held liable in the future when robots and artificial intelligence (A.I.), acting autonomously, wrong humans? As the FDA already approved the first A.I. diagnostic algorithms, lawmakers and medical malpractice lawyers should consider these scenarios as they might become reality sooner than expected.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003C!--more-->\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>When a diagnostic algorithm goes wrong\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>In 2031, Andrea went to Milan for a check-up to his GP because he felt nauseated all the time and a strange pressure on the left side of his head. The doctor suggested to him that he runs a couple of tests and informed him about involving a diagnostic algorithm in the procedure. The machine learning algorithm was trained to identify brain tumors – one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature26000\">first studies in the area dates back to March 2018\u003C\u002Fa> – with very high accuracy. In most cases, it diagnosed cancerous tissues far better than some trained histopathologists, but in Andrea’s case, something went astray.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The algorithm found something different than the diagnostician, and as the use of A.I. was already common practice, the histopathologist did not question the judgment. As a result, Andrea was mistreated: an unnecessary operation, ineffective medication cures and long-long weeks went by until someone discovered the algorithmic error. However, the patient’s brain already suffered irreversible damages, and the family wants to sue.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21025\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"631\" src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fmedical-artificial-intelligence.png\" alt=\"medical malpractice\" class=\"wp-image-21025\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fmedical-artificial-intelligence.png 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fmedical-artificial-intelligence-768x557.png 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fmedical-artificial-intelligence-512x371.png 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.itnonline.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>What if a blood-drawing robot caused injury?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>In the 2030s, the popularity of blood-drawing robots soared as they were fast, efficient and they could find the appropriate vein usually in less time than nurses or phlebotomists. They gained recognition also because one-drop-blood tests were still rare as their advancement stopped \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Ftheranos-founder-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-life-story-bio-2018-4\">due to the infamous Theranos-story\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>One morning, Greg went to the local hospital because he needed a blood test for checking on an infection. He already had some experience with blood-drawing robots, so he was aware that the procedure lasts less than a minute, and it is minimally painful. When Greg sat down, and the nurse turned on the system, the robotic arm found the vein and took the blood. However, afterwards, it did not respond to any command anymore leaving the needle in Greg’s arm for long-long minutes. He was shocked. After the staff managed to remove it, his arm wound had to be bandaged. He decided to hire a medical malpractice lawyer. But whom to sue?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21026\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"653\" src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fblood-drawing-robot.jpg\" alt=\"medical malpractice\" class=\"wp-image-21026\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fblood-drawing-robot.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fblood-drawing-robot-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Fblood-drawing-robot-512x384.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.dailymotion.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>How to decide who is liable?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>In these two hypothetical cases, medical technologies acted autonomously and ended up hurting or injuring the patient. Needless to say that we have highly theoretical reasoning here, without knowing the particulars which refine every case down to the point where there is a particular patient with a particular condition on a particular day in a particular place.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Staying at the theoretical level, though, David Harlow, a US-based healthcare lawyer, consultant and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhealthblawg.com\">blogger focusing on digital health\u003C\u002Fa> believes that it is still worth breaking down the cases to key categories of concern: design flaws, implementation flaws, and user error. Thus, when we look at technology’s encounter with the doctor and the patient, depending on the case, there might be a design flaw – in which case the company might be liable, an implementation flaw, in which case the doctor or the nurse might be responsible, and user error, which might go down to the patient.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>What if the robot has a design flaw?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Here, we are assuming that there was no user error, the patient could not have done anything differently, so our cases could either go down to design flaws or implementation flaws.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>First of all, it is worth examining the differences in the technologies when looking at the hypothetical cases. In case of analog technologies – the first layer of technologies or traditional technologies –  that provide data or let users access data without any algorithm (e.g., stethoscope); when a design flaw causes harm to patients, “\u003Cem>the first step on the road to being able to hold the company liable, is often a trip to the FDA, seeking a recall of the medical device for failure to comply with the FDA approval\u003C\u002Fem>”, says Harlow.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>In the case of digital technologies, constituting the second layer of technologies when looking at the level of advancement; which do have algorithms programmed into them without the code changing by itself (e.g., medical records software), the situation might be similar. As according to Harlow they might be considered \u003Cem>a \u003C\u002Fem>\u003Cem>“black box,” i.e., a system that takes in some inputs and yields an output, without affording the clinician reading the output insight into the algorithm conducting the analysis, it is regulated as a medical device, \u003C\u002Fem>the procedure might be similar to that of the analog technology.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>So, in terms of liability for a misdiagnosis or for other harm caused by technology, such as a blood-drawing robot, \u003Cem>it is instructive to consider the way in which contract and tort law have dealt with the possibility and the actuality of malpractice claims based on the use of electronic health record systems partially or in whole\u003C\u002Fem>, explains Harlow.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21027\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"544\" src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-rubik.jpg\" alt=\"medical malpractice\" class=\"wp-image-21027\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-rubik.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-rubik-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-rubik-512x320.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.miscellaneoushi.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Where’s the smart algorithm’s place?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The third category of technologies might be the most interesting and the most problematic to regulate and deal with – deep learning or machine learning algorithms for diagnostics in radiology and pathology. These constructions might change over time.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Here, Harlow asks the question of how we know whether the algorithm is progressing in the “right” direction. He says, in these circumstances, there are at least two intersecting bodies of thought that should affect the physician’s decision-making when using A.I.: regulatory approval and standard of care. In the first case, assuming the FDA (or analog) can approve a machine learning tool that will change over time. Without regulatory approval of a device, the device may not be used in clinical practice. In the second case, the device needs to be permitted or required by the current professional consensus on the practice of medicine to be considered within the bounds of practice (i.e., it’s not malpractice to use it).\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Thus, legal practice might try to create a ‘black box’ out of machine learning algorithms, as well, however, it might be more problematic here than in case of other digital technologies so that liability might go down to the company creating the algorithm.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21029\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"653\" src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flaw-concept-circuit-board-with-scales-icon-3d-render.jpeg\" alt=\"medical malpractice\" class=\"wp-image-21029\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flaw-concept-circuit-board-with-scales-icon-3d-render.jpeg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flaw-concept-circuit-board-with-scales-icon-3d-render-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flaw-concept-circuit-board-with-scales-icon-3d-render-512x384.jpeg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.analyticsindiamag.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Does the diagnostician or the phlebotomist have any responsibility?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>When there is no proven design flaw in the case, we have to examine whether the pathologist or phlebotomist or any other physician used the device as it was supposed to be used. Harlow says that in both cases, the professional is open to liability if he or she used the tool in a situation outside the scope of its regulatory approval, or misused it, or applied it despite significant professional questioning of the validity of the evidence surrounding the tool, or with knowledge of the toolmaker obfuscating negative facts. In any other cases, the ball falls back on the creators and the companies.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>What if robots with A.I. get ‘personhood’?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>However, what to do with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffuturism.com\u002Fsaudi-arabia-made-robot-citizen-calling-womens-rights\u002F\">Sophia-like creatures who already have citizenship in Saudi Arabia\u003C\u002Fa>? What to do with fully autonomous, machine learning algorithms making decisions based on their judgment as a result of considerations that might be out of human perception?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The European Union seems to experiment with a new legal status for the future. A European Parliament \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.europarl.europa.eu\u002Fsides\u002FgetDoc.do?pubRef=-\u002F\u002FEP\u002F\u002FTEXT+REPORT+A8-2017-0005+0+DOC+XML+V0\u002F\u002FEN\">report\u003C\u002Fa> from early 2017 suggests that self-learning robots could be granted “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.politico.eu\u002Farticle\u002Feurope-divided-over-robot-ai-artificial-intelligence-personhood\u002F\">electronic personalities\u003C\u002Fa>.” Such a status would not mean that they could adopt kids or marry humans or other robots. It might only allow robots to be insured individually and be held liable for damages if they go rogue and start hurting people or damaging property. And how would the aggrieved parties receive any compensation? There is an idea for example by setting up a compulsory insurance scheme that could be fed by the wealth a robot is accumulating over the time of its “existence.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21028\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"653\" src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-ai.jpg\" alt=\"medical malpractice\" class=\"wp-image-21028\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-ai.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-ai-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Frobot-ai-512x384.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.dreamstime.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Although A.I. experts and researchers criticize the report for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.politico.eu\u002Farticle\u002Feurope-divided-over-robot-ai-artificial-intelligence-personhood\u002F\">allowing manufacturers to shake off their responsibilities\u003C\u002Fa>, the idea might be a creative solution for a widening grey area in medical malpractice law. Other, similarly forward-looking legal notions and principles will be necessary for the near future, as Harlow estimated, the first scenarios with narrow artificial intelligence or medical robots might arrive as early as within a year at the medical malpractice law firms. Healthcare regulators, agencies, and lawyers – it’s time to look ahead!\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"10px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>At The Medical Futurist, we are building a community for making a bold vision about the future of healthcare reality today.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FFIbMejImnxs\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003Cp>If you’d like to support this mission, we invite you to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">join The Medical Futurist Patreon Community\u003C\u002Fa>. A community of empowered patients, future-oriented healthcare professionals, concerned health policymakers, sensible health tech developers, and enthusiastic medical students. If there were ever a time to join us, it is now. Every contribution, however big or small, powers our research and sustains our future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">\u003Cstrong style=\"background-color: #e71d3299; color: #000;\">Click here to support The Medical Futurist from as little as $3\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fa> – it only takes a minute. Thank you.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feepurl.com\u002FZejiT\">\u003Cb>Subscribe To The Medical Futurist℠ Newsletter\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cul class=\"wp-block-list\">\u003Cli>News shaping the future of healthcare\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Advice on taking charge of your health\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Reviews of the latest health technology\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\n",{"rendered":191,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>What if a deep learning algorithm misses a diagnosis, the doctor accepts the judgment and the patient dies? What if a surgical robot injures a patient during a procedure? Who will be held liable in the future when robots and artificial intelligence (A.I.), acting autonomously, wrong humans? As the FDA already approved the first A.I. diagnostic algorithms, lawmakers and medical malpractice lawyers should consider these scenarios as they might become reality sooner than expected.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",21032,{"_acf_changed":20,"footnotes":27},[195,31,32],504,[197,198,199,42,43,200,201],959,134,144,868,958,[],[],[205,53,54,206,55,207,208,209,210],1715,1789,2017,2705,2739,2741,[212,14,60,61,62,63,64,213,65,66,214,215,216,75,76,217,218],"post-21023","category-artificial-intelligence","tag-legal","tag-ai","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-law","tag-medical-malpractice",{"id":192,"alt_text":220,"caption":27,"description":80,"media_type":81,"media_details":221,"post":119,"source_url":239},"Lawsuit robots TMF",{"width":83,"height":84,"file":222,"sizes":223,"image_meta":237},"2018\u002F06\u002Flawsuit-robots.png",{"medium":224,"large":227,"thumbnail":230,"medium_large":233,"large_old_512x288":234},{"file":225,"width":89,"height":90,"mime-type":91,"source_url":226},"lawsuit-robots-370x208.png","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flawsuit-robots-370x208.png",{"file":228,"width":95,"height":96,"mime-type":91,"source_url":229},"lawsuit-robots-768x432.png","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flawsuit-robots-768x432.png",{"file":231,"width":100,"height":100,"mime-type":91,"source_url":232},"lawsuit-robots-150x150.png","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flawsuit-robots-150x150.png",{"file":228,"width":95,"height":96,"mime-type":91,"source_url":229},{"file":235,"width":32,"height":105,"mime-type":91,"source_url":236},"lawsuit-robots-512x288.png","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flawsuit-robots-512x288.png",{"aperture":108,"credit":27,"camera":27,"caption":27,"created_timestamp":108,"copyright":27,"focal_length":108,"iso":108,"shutter_speed":108,"title":27,"orientation":108,"keywords":238},[],"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Flawsuit-robots.png",{"related_posts":241,"related_posts_footer":245,"cta_type":27,"cta_color":27,"subtitle":27,"related_books":20},[242,243,244],13373,13151,14049,[114,246,115],13650,{"yoast_wpseo_title":248,"yoast_wpseo_metadesc":249,"yoast_wpseo_canonical":185},"Could You Sue Diagnostic Algorithms Or Medical Robots In The Future? - The Medical Futurist","As the FDA approved the first A.I. diagnostic tools, lawmakers and medical malpractice lawyers should consider what to do in case something goes wrong.",{"self":251,"collection":256,"about":258,"author":260,"replies":262,"version-history":265,"predecessor-version":269,"wp:featuredmedia":273,"wp:attachment":276,"wp:term":279,"curies":290},[252],{"href":253,"targetHints":254},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21023",{"allow":255},[129],[257],{"href":132},[259],{"href":135},[261],{"embeddable":26,"href":138},[263],{"embeddable":26,"href":264},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcomments?post=21023",[266],{"count":267,"href":268},23,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21023\u002Frevisions",[270],{"id":271,"href":272},46443,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21023\u002Frevisions\u002F46443",[274],{"embeddable":26,"href":275},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia\u002F21032",[277],{"href":278},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia?parent=21023",[280,282,284,286,288],{"taxonomy":158,"embeddable":26,"href":281},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcategories?post=21023",{"taxonomy":161,"embeddable":26,"href":283},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftags?post=21023",{"taxonomy":164,"embeddable":26,"href":285},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fproject_category?post=21023",{"taxonomy":167,"embeddable":26,"href":287},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcontact_email_category?post=21023",{"taxonomy":170,"embeddable":26,"href":289},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fyst_prominent_words?post=21023",[291],{"name":174,"href":175,"templated":26},[],1790254601322]