[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":320},["ShallowReactive",2],{"slug-the-prospects-of-behavioral-genetics-bad-genes-behind-crimes-precision-education-and-loosing-free-will":3},{"post":4,"relatedPosts":181,"relatedBooks":319},{"id":5,"date":6,"date_gmt":7,"guid":8,"modified":10,"modified_gmt":11,"slug":12,"status":13,"type":14,"link":15,"title":16,"content":18,"excerpt":21,"author":23,"featured_media":24,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":26,"template":27,"format":28,"meta":29,"categories":30,"tags":34,"project_category":48,"contact_email_category":49,"yst_prominent_words":50,"class_list":54,"better_featured_image":77,"acf":116,"yoast_meta":125,"_links":128},23289,"2019-03-09T10:58:38","2019-03-09T08:58:38",{"rendered":9},"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002F?post_id=23289&_wpnonce=99a475fabc&status=auto-draft&type=post","2023-02-10T10:18:25","2023-02-10T09:18:25","the-prospects-of-behavioral-genetics-bad-genes-behind-crimes-precision-education-and-loosing-free-will","publish","post","https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fthe-prospects-of-behavioral-genetics-bad-genes-behind-crimes-precision-education-and-loosing-free-will",{"rendered":17},"The Prospects of Behavioral Genetics: Bad Genes Behind Crimes, Precision Education And Loosing Free Will?",{"rendered":19,"protected":20},"\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"5px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp style=\"color: #555;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px\">THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2019. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY BE OUT OF DATE NOW. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmagazine\">BROWSE OUR LATEST ARTICLES HERE\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd> \u003C\u002Ftr>\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Can the “warrior gene” explain aggressive and violent\nacts so that lawyers base their defenses on that in courts? Can genetics\ndetermine whether your marriage will be a long-lasting companionship? What\nabout alcoholism, depression or autism? To what extent are we the product of\nour environment or the expression of our genes? While the nature versus nurture\ndebate has been ongoing for centuries, the recent advances in genetics and\ngenomics seem to shift the balance towards inheritance rather than the effect\nof our surroundings. We looked around whether it is justified, especially when\nit comes to its use in legal disputes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>The accused are innocent, lock up their insides\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Do you remember \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhouse.fandom.com\u002Fwiki\u002FAcceptance\">the episode from House M.D when he tricked the team\nand the hospital into treating a death row inmate\u003C\u002Fa>? It turned out that the patient had adrenal gland\ntumor, which released adrenaline at random intervals resulting in a violent rage. At some point, House even\nsuggested that the fourth victim might have been killed during such an eruption\nof anger. At the end of the episode, his fellow doctor, Foreman argued that he would\ntestify at the patient’s appeal, while House believed many other people with a\nsimilar condition managed to control their rage,\nthus biology could not absolve a murderer.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Turning to reality, let’s look at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180530-the-controversial-debut-of-genes-in-criminal-cases\">Bradley Waldroup’s case\u003C\u002Fa>. He shot his wife’s friend eight times and attacked\nhis wife with a machete. The woman survived, the man didn’t. Waldroup admitted\nresponsibility for the crimes; prosecutors in Tennessee charged him with murder\nand attempted first-degree murder. If guilty, a death sentence looked likely.\nThen came forensic science: it turned out that the accused had an unusual\nvariant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene – referred to as the “warrior\ngene” due to its association with antisocial behavior and impulsive aggression.\nA forensic scientist testified that Waldroup’s genetic makeup, combined with\nthe abuse he had experienced as a child, left him at higher risk of violent behavior. Finally, the jury decided that\ninstead of murder, he committed voluntary manslaughter – and it seemed that\nbiological factors, “bad genes” played a role in the final verdict.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Although there’s an ongoing debate about to what extent genetic and neuroscientific evidence plays a part in court decisions such as Waldroup’s, some scientists are worried that the trend to incorporate the latest scientific findings might be misleading. Genetics is still a relatively new area, and there are still too many blank spots about how genes work\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FDo-Bad-Genes-Exist-512x256.jpeg\" alt=\"bad genes\" class=\"wp-image-23292\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FDo-Bad-Genes-Exist-512x256.jpeg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FDo-Bad-Genes-Exist-768x384.jpeg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FDo-Bad-Genes-Exist.jpeg 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: www.inverse.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>From\ntabula rasa to freckle genes\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Philosophers have contemplated for centuries about human nature: its components, its influencers or its (in)ability to change. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.verywellmind.com\u002Fwhat-is-nature-versus-nurture-2795392\">Plato and Descartes suggested that\u003C\u002Fa> certain things are inborn, or that they occur naturally regardless of environmental influences, while other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate. According to this notion, everything that we are and all of our knowledge is determined by our experience. \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The nature versus nurture debate took a turn when\nCharles Darwin’s half-cousin, Francis Galton read his theory of evolution – and\nwanted to apply it to humans. He believed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11700278\">desired human traits were hereditary, and humans can\nbe improved through selective breeding\u003C\u002Fa>. Later on, his genetic determinism alongside with\neugenics – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fdesigner-babies-a-dystopian-sidetrack-of-gene-editing\">enhancement of humans by genetics\u003C\u002Fa> – became associated with the racial policies of the\nThird Reich, and the theory became unwelcome after the Second World War.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The renaissance of genetic research started with the completion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.genome.gov\u002F12011238\u002Fan-overview-of-the-human-genome-project\u002F\">Human Genome Project\u003C\u002Fa>, which gave a boost to diving deeper and deeper into the secrets of life. \u003Cstrong>Scientists gradually discovered genes which are responsible for the color of our eyes, for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.genetics.utah.edu\u002Fcontent\u002Fbasics\u002Fobservable\u002F\">freckles, dimples or curly hair\u003C\u002Fa>. While there has always been widespread acceptance that genes determine our physiology for good and bad, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fscience\u002F2018\u002Fsep\u002F29\u002Fso-is-it-nature-not-nurture-after-all-genetics-robert-plomin-polygenic-testing\">much greater controversy has surrounded the subject of our psychology\u003C\u002Fa> – our behavior and personality traits\u003C\u002Fstrong>. That’s what behavioral genetics is after.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Code-512x375.jpg\" alt=\"bad genes\" class=\"wp-image-23290\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Code-512x375.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Code-768x562.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Code-1536x1124.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Code.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: www.nationalgeographic.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Where\ndoes behavioral genetics stand?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The field is an interdisciplinary effort to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fsubjects\u002Fbehavioural-genetics\">establish causal links between genes and animal\n(including human) behavioral traits and neural mechanisms\u003C\u002Fa>. For determining\nwhich features could have their roots in\ngenetics and which are shaped by the environment, in many cases, researchers use twin studies. Already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fscitable\u002Ftopicpage\u002Fbehavioral-genomics-29093\">Galton studied the behavioral characteristics of\ngenetically identical twins\u003C\u002Fa>\nwho were raised in different settings.\nTwin studies are still used to identify specific genes that can be linked to particular behaviors, but lately, methods of genetic and molecular\ntechniques as well as whole-genome\nassociation are also applied.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>As genetic analysis progressed, \u003Cstrong>experts found that only a fraction of conditions, traits or behaviors\ncould be traced back to one single gene, and characteristics are instead the result of multiple genes\ninteracting with numerous environmental factors\u003C\u002Fstrong>. In the case of\nneurological disorders, such as autism, researchers found that the\ninheritability of the condition is around 90 percent, however, they have had severe\ndifficulties locating the set of genes and gene mutations which can cause the\ndevelopment of autism. Moreover, even pinning down the right genes does not\nmean automatically that those genes will be expressed in certain people – not\nto speak about the already mentioned environmental factors.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fscitable\u002Ftopicpage\u002Fbehavioral-genomics-29093\">Awareness of these complexities has shifted researchers’ focus from individual genes to entire genomes\u003C\u002Fa>, thus giving rise to the field of behavioral genomics. Through the advances in genome sequencing, in the future, there will be more and more studies in the area, and instead of specific genes, entire genomes will get the majority of attention from researchers\u003C\u002Fstrong>. However, we have to note that the field and its findings are far from comprehensive at the moment – that’s why it is so difficult and dangerous to draw conclusions.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Testing-512x341.jpg\" alt=\"bad genes\" class=\"wp-image-23291\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Testing-512x341.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Testing-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Testing-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenetic-Testing-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: www.health.clevelandclinic.org\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Could \u003Cg class=\"gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"26\" data-gr-id=\"26\">bad\u003C\u002Fg> genes cause alcoholism or unhappy marriages?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Most\npeople encounter behavioral genetics when\nmeeting sensational headlines preaching that scientists have found a particular\ngene or gene set responsible for a specific\nhuman trait – from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fgene-mutation-responsible-for-alcoholism-2013-11\">alcoholism\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong> through \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2155810-what-do-the-new-gay-genes-tell-us-about-sexual-orientation\u002F\">sexual orientation\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong> or even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologynetworks.com\u002Fgenomics\u002Fnews\u002Fgenetics-may-influence-the-quality-of-your-marriage-315238\">the quality of marriage\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>. In the case of booze dependency, researchers found\n39 genes associated with the condition. \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>When I uploaded my raw genetic data to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpromethease.com\u002F\">Promethease\u003C\u002Fa>, the analysis suggested that I have an SNP (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fghr.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fprimer\u002Fgenomicresearch\u002Fsnp\">single nucleotide polymorphism\u003C\u002Fa>, the most common type of genetic variation among people), which causes me to process alcohol much better than others, while also another one which shows that I have a higher risk factor for becoming alcoholic. That’s somehow understandable since people who can process booze better have to drink much more than those who are knocked out after two glasses of wine. \u003Cstrong>In spite of all these facts, I did not become an alcoholic, which is an addition to the argument that a behavior trait is not the direct consequence of a “bad gene” but the interplay of genetics and the environment. Nevertheless, I’m glad I’m aware of that genetic risk so that I can create the conditions to give as little room for it as possible.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>However, many researchers do not stop at revealing the\ngenetic secrets of certain conditions or psychological disorders but aim to dive deeper into human nature. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2155810-what-do-the-new-gay-genes-tell-us-about-sexual-orientation\u002F\">Alan Sanders at North Shore University, Illinois, and\nhis team identified individual genes\u003C\u002Fa> that may influence how sexual orientation develops in\nboys and men, both in the womb and during life. Findings related to sexuality might\ncause changes in attitude towards the gay community and could finally put an\nend to the notions of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmosaicscience.com\u002Fstory\u002Fgay-cure-experiments\u002F\">being able to “cure” anyone from a specific sexual\norientation\u003C\u002Fa>. \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Scientific evidence for the genetically deterministic nature of that human trait – although not comprehensively proven yet – could mean in the future another tool in the hands of the LGBTQ community to strengthen their identity\u003C\u002Fstrong>, however, it might lead to an interesting twist regarding marriages. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologynetworks.com\u002Fgenomics\u002Fnews\u002Fgenetics-may-influence-the-quality-of-your-marriage-315238\">research team led by Binghamton University Associate Professor of Psychology Richard Mattson evaluated\u003C\u002Fa> whether different genotypes of the Oxytocin Receptor gene (OXTR) influenced how spouses support one another, which is a key determinant of overall marital quality. OXTR was targeted because it is related to the regulation and release of oxytocin, which is a hormone associated with feeling love and attachment. \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FMarriage-Fight-512x256.jpg\" alt=\"behavioral genetics\" class=\"wp-image-23293\"\u002F>\u003Cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">www.goodhousekeeping.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>According to the key findings, husbands with a\nparticular genotype, which other researchers associated with signs of social\ndeficits, were less satisfied with the support they were provided – leading to\nless contentment regarding the entire marriage. Thus, \u003Cstrong>while many might believe that marriage is a social construction\nentirely shaped by individual behaviors and customs learned from the environment, it might have a genetic component\u003C\u002Fstrong>\n– and it might turn out in the long term that some people are genetically less\n“coded” for long-lasting companionship. That certainly needs further research\nthough – just as one of the most exciting topics here: the source of human\nintelligence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Precision\neducation after pinning down the genes of intelligence?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Could randomly wandering thoughts be pinned down to\nspecific genes? How do you even capture the essence of intelligence? What does\nit entail? And even if you determine its\nboundaries, how could the level of knowledge\nbe measured objectively? We all know that the closest humans could get was the\ncreation of the IQ test, but that has its own problems.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Nevertheless, philosophical problems never stopped\nresearchers from trying their best. Chinese biotech giant \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbgiamericas.com\u002F\">BGI\u003C\u002Fa>, started a project using their genome sequencing and\nanalyzing capabilities to figure out the “source of genius”. The company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsingularityhub.com\u002F2013\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fchinas-bgi-to-sequence-2200-geniuses-in-search-for-smart-genes\u002F#sm.0000qs5v0nc2icyos2s2a2zw4wv4f\">collected 2,200 genomes of individuals with IQs over\n160 (average IQ is said to be around 100)\u003C\u002Fa>, and the team will compare their genius genomes to a\nrandom selection of the population to see if they can isolate differences\nbetween the two. While BGI is well aware of the difficulties and controversies\naround the study, they are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsingularityhub.com\u002F2013\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fchinas-bgi-to-sequence-2200-geniuses-in-search-for-smart-genes\u002F#sm.0000qs5v0nc2icyos2s2a2zw4wv4f\">saying that\u003C\u002Fa> “we simply wish to start the process of discovery,\nand believe that this is a good place to begin.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Another place where similar efforts are underway is King’s College London with the lead of Robert Plomin, behavioral geneticist, who has provided more than 1,000 genomes for BGI. He \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002Fs\u002F610339\u002Fdna-tests-for-iq-are-coming-but-it-might-not-be-smart-to-take-one\u002F\">leads a long-term study of 13,000 pairs of British twins\u003C\u002Fa> on the subject. His efforts already reaped some fruits. While until 2017, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002Fs\u002F610339\u002Fdna-tests-for-iq-are-coming-but-it-might-not-be-smart-to-take-one\u002F\">no gene had ever been tied to performance on an IQ test, since then, more than 500 have, thanks to gene studies involving more than 200,000 test takers\u003C\u002Fa>. Results from an experiment correlating one million people’s DNA with their academic success are due at any time. Plomin says that \u003Cstrong>in the future, parents will use direct-to-consumer tests to predict kids’ mental abilities and make schooling choices, a concept he calls precision education. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FIntelligence-Gene-512x341.jpg\" alt=\"bad genes\" class=\"wp-image-23294\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FIntelligence-Gene-512x341.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FIntelligence-Gene-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FIntelligence-Gene.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: www.vox.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>However,\nwe are far away from that – recent predictions are not highly accurate, and it will take decades of research until that\ncould become a reality\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\nOf course, some companies cannot wait for\nthat much and started to take a ride on the trendy genetic train.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Do\ngenes reveal your perfect match or your intelligence levels?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002Fs\u002F610339\u002Fdna-tests-for-iq-are-coming-but-it-might-not-be-smart-to-take-one\u002F\">MIT\nReview found\u003C\u002Fa> that at least three online services, including GenePlaza and\nDNA Land, have started offering to quantify anyone’s genetic IQ from a spit\nsample. However, that’s far-fetched, to use the most diplomatic expression\nabout those direct-to-consumer companies’ efforts. \u003Cstrong>As of yet, you cannot tell the academic prospects of a child based on\ntheir genetic composition, no matter what certain DTC companies claim.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>But that’s not only true for the link between genetics and intelligence. Some enterprises claim that if you want to know \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002Fs\u002F609103\u002Fhow-to-spend-1900-on-gene-tests-without-learning-a-thing\u002F\">whether your kid is talented in football\u003C\u002Fa>, how your \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkarmagenes.co\u002F\">grumpy moods are coded in your genes\u003C\u002Fa>, who your \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.genepartner.com\u002F\">perfect match is based on your DNA\u003C\u002Fa>, you should just order a DNA test\u003C\u002Fstrong>. No wonder that even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?time_continue=327&v=yvS2gjMMXBQ\">Stephen Colbert joked about\u003C\u002Fa> a company offering a wine selection based on your genes. As he said, he can smell “total bullshit” – and he’s right. There’s no scientific evidence for stating such direct linkages between certain behavioral traits and genetics. \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"White Supremacists, You Won't Like Your DNA Results\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FyvS2gjMMXBQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Back\nto square one: so should lawyers use genetics in defense of the accused?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The brief response is: the time has not come yet to\ntrace back violent, criminal behavior solely to genetic reasons. Forensic\nscientists are also only confident to say that a particular DNA composition coupled with a specific setting in which the defendant grew up could lead to an\nelevated risk of antisocial behavior. However, that is already a diluted\nopinion which should not have that much relevance in judging the case.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The reason why lawyers are pushing for it is \u003Cstrong>the argumentation that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5730091\u002F#R3\">if a defendant’s criminal behavior, rather than being determined by conscious choices\u003C\u002Fa>, was driven by unconscious genetic predispositions to commit antisocial acts, the person may seem less responsible for the outcome and therefore less deserving of punishment\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Thus, behavioral genetics, at least in principle, has become a tool for legal claims of reduced culpability and mitigated punishment.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>And \u003Cstrong>looking from a philosophical perspective – it might lead to the loss in the notion of free will. What does it make of the human capacity to act if it turns out that our actions are only driven by a couple of genes in our cells? Where does it lead humanity if it turns out that free will does rather exist in our socially constructed dreams, while deep down we are driven by the inherited DNA? \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FWhat-Does-The-DNA-Hide-512x310.png\" alt=\"bad genes\" class=\"wp-image-23296\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FWhat-Does-The-DNA-Hide-512x310.png 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FWhat-Does-The-DNA-Hide-768x465.png 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FWhat-Does-The-DNA-Hide.png 1188w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: www.datarevenue.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>And some food for thought for further discussion: what do we make of the direction which might lead humanity down the path of “giving up” the notion of free will by saying that genes determine much more than we believed before – while at the same time, humans are working on machines to give them more and more intelligence and eventually consciousness. How do we put up with that? \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"10px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>At The Medical Futurist, we are building a community for making a bold vision about the future of healthcare reality today.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FFIbMejImnxs\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003Cp>If you’d like to support this mission, we invite you to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">join The Medical Futurist Patreon Community\u003C\u002Fa>. A community of empowered patients, future-oriented healthcare professionals, concerned health policymakers, sensible health tech developers, and enthusiastic medical students. If there were ever a time to join us, it is now. Every contribution, however big or small, powers our research and sustains our future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">\u003Cstrong style=\"background-color: #e71d3299; color: #000;\">Click here to support The Medical Futurist from as little as $3\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fa> – it only takes a minute. Thank you.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n",false,{"rendered":22,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>Can the “warrior gene” explain aggressive and violent acts so that lawyers base their defenses on that in courts? Can genetics determine whether your marriage will be a long-lasting companionship? What about alcoholism, depression or autism? To what extent are we the product of our environment or the expression of our genes? While the nature versus nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries, the recent advances in genetics and genomics seem to shift the balance towards inheritance rather than the effect of our surroundings. We looked around whether it is justified, especially when it comes to its use in legal disputes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",6,23297,"closed",true,"","standard",{"_acf_changed":20,"footnotes":27},[31,32,33],511,521,488,[35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47],813,213,959,246,990,256,996,260,997,262,289,425,212,[],[],[51,52,53],1883,1969,3347,[55,14,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76],"post-23289","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bioethics","category-future-medicine","category-genomics","tag-philosophy","tag-dna-testing","tag-legal","tag-future","tag-crime","tag-genes","tag-bioethics","tag-genetics","tag-bioethical","tag-genomics","tag-innovation","tag-technology-2","tag-dna",{"id":24,"alt_text":78,"caption":27,"description":79,"media_type":80,"media_details":81,"post":5,"source_url":115},"behavioral genetics","gene editing ","image",{"width":82,"height":83,"file":84,"sizes":85,"image_meta":112,"original_image":114},1920,1080,"2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-scaled.jpg",{"medium":86,"large":92,"thumbnail":97,"medium_large":101,"1536x1536":102,"2048x2048":107},{"file":87,"width":88,"height":89,"mime-type":90,"source_url":91},"Genes-and-crimes-370x208.jpg","370","208","image\u002Fjpeg","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-370x208.jpg",{"file":93,"width":94,"height":95,"mime-type":90,"source_url":96},"Genes-and-crimes-768x432.jpg","768","432","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-768x432.jpg",{"file":98,"width":99,"height":99,"mime-type":90,"source_url":100},"Genes-and-crimes-150x150.jpg","150","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-150x150.jpg",{"file":93,"width":94,"height":95,"mime-type":90,"source_url":96},{"file":103,"width":104,"height":105,"mime-type":90,"source_url":106},"Genes-and-crimes-1536x864.jpg","1536","864","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-1536x864.jpg",{"file":108,"width":109,"height":110,"mime-type":90,"source_url":111},"Genes-and-crimes-2048x1152.jpg","2048","1152","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-2048x1152.jpg",{"aperture":113,"credit":27,"camera":27,"caption":27,"created_timestamp":113,"copyright":27,"focal_length":113,"iso":113,"shutter_speed":113,"title":27,"orientation":113},"0","Genes-and-crimes.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FGenes-and-crimes-scaled.jpg",{"related_posts":117,"related_posts_footer":121,"cta_type":27,"cta_color":27,"subtitle":27,"related_books":20},[118,119,120],11980,22209,17450,[122,123,124],22549,14102,21392,{"yoast_wpseo_title":126,"yoast_wpseo_metadesc":127,"yoast_wpseo_canonical":15},"The Prospects of Behavioral Genetics: Bad Genes Behind Crimes, Precision Education And Loosing Free Will? - The Medical Futurist","What is the role of behavioral genetics? Does it have a place in criminal justice? To what extent can genetic and neuroscientific evidence play a part in court decisions?",{"self":129,"collection":135,"about":138,"author":141,"replies":144,"version-history":147,"predecessor-version":151,"wp:featuredmedia":155,"wp:attachment":158,"wp:term":161,"curies":177},[130],{"href":131,"targetHints":132},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F23289",{"allow":133},[134],"GET",[136],{"href":137},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts",[139],{"href":140},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftypes\u002Fpost",[142],{"embeddable":26,"href":143},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fusers\u002F6",[145],{"embeddable":26,"href":146},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcomments?post=23289",[148],{"count":149,"href":150},10,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F23289\u002Frevisions",[152],{"id":153,"href":154},49121,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F23289\u002Frevisions\u002F49121",[156],{"embeddable":26,"href":157},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia\u002F23297",[159],{"href":160},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia?parent=23289",[162,165,168,171,174],{"taxonomy":163,"embeddable":26,"href":164},"category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcategories?post=23289",{"taxonomy":166,"embeddable":26,"href":167},"post_tag","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftags?post=23289",{"taxonomy":169,"embeddable":26,"href":170},"project_category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fproject_category?post=23289",{"taxonomy":172,"embeddable":26,"href":173},"contact_email_category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcontact_email_category?post=23289",{"taxonomy":175,"embeddable":26,"href":176},"yst_prominent_words","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fyst_prominent_words?post=23289",[178],{"name":179,"href":180,"templated":26},"wp","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.w.org\u002F{rel}",[182],{"id":124,"date":183,"date_gmt":184,"guid":185,"modified":187,"modified_gmt":188,"slug":189,"status":13,"type":14,"link":190,"title":191,"content":193,"excerpt":195,"author":23,"featured_media":197,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":26,"template":27,"format":28,"meta":198,"categories":199,"tags":201,"project_category":213,"contact_email_category":214,"yst_prominent_words":215,"class_list":223,"better_featured_image":237,"acf":266,"yoast_meta":274,"_links":277},"2018-08-07T10:35:40","2018-08-07T08:35:40",{"rendered":186},"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002F","2022-05-25T18:06:43","2022-05-25T16:06:43","nutrigenomics","https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fnutrigenomics",{"rendered":192},"Nutrigenomics: Could Your Genes Choose The Right Cheese for You?",{"rendered":194,"protected":20},"\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"5px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp style=\"color: #555;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px\">THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2018. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY BE OUT OF DATE NOW. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmagazine\">BROWSE OUR LATEST ARTICLES HERE\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Nutrigenomics emerged lately in food science and dieting similarly to blockchain: it shows the way into the future, but sometimes seems to be hijacked by companies yearning for attention but not having the proper science to back up their products. As many people have no idea what nutrigenomics entails, not to speak about what it should, The Medical Futurist decided to show what nutrigenomics means, where the technology stands at the moment and what it could bring in the future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003C!--more-->\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Food shopping and eating out in 2068\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Mathilda had her full genome sequenced in school as part of the general health check-up. Her parents didn’t only receive a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmydna-review\">pharmacogenomic\u003C\u002Fa> overview of how her body metabolizes drugs, but also a nutrigenomic report on what she should eat and what kind of food sorts are to avoid at all cost. When she turned 18, her parents handed over the access to the cloud storing her health data and told her that now she is responsible for choosing her own diet. When Mathilda went online for the first time to buy original Peruvian coffee beans as she finally wanted to try real coffee, she got a notification on her smartphone that her body cannot process caffeine effectively and she should reconsider her choice.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>At first, she thought that’s nonsense and bought the beans anyway. However, after the package arrived by drone delivery and the robotic assistant of the family, Maya, made the coffee for her in the afternoon, she couldn’t sleep until four in the morning. Next time, when the little bee-shaped dietary assistant on her smartphone appeared with some food advice, she accepted. She went to a restaurant with a friend, had two favorite meals on the menu and asked the smart algorithm which one would be more advisable to choose.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>That’s how we imagine nutrigenomics in action in the future shaping what, how and when we should eat. However, we are far far away from this scenario. Most people don’t know what, how and when to eat – and even if the majority learned the basics of dietetics, they might not get the right diet. As in the last couple of years, nutrigenomics started to batter at our door, that might change.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21396\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"305\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fblog_nutrigenomics_final.jpg\" alt=\"nutrigenomics\" class=\"wp-image-21396\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fblog_nutrigenomics_final.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fblog_nutrigenomics_final-768x269.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fblog_nutrigenomics_final-512x180.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.pathway.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>The basics of nutrigenomics\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>While the science of nutrigenomics appeared approximately 15 years ago, the idea that food affects people differently has been around for centuries. Roman poet and philosopher, Lucretius already said at around the first century B.C. that \u003Cem>what is food to one, is to others bitter poison\u003C\u002Fem>. However, we arrived recently at a stage where we can explain the reasons for this phenomenon.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>It’s amazing that according to Interpretome.com individuals vary at the genetic level by about 1 in 1300 bases, so any 2 individuals share about 99.97 percent. So all the differences between people are to be found in the remaining 0.03 percent – which actually still means thousands and thousands of single nucleotide variants where all the difference is made.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>In a nutshell, \u003Cstrong>genomics in general and nutrigenomics, in particular, look at your genetic map and try to explain your tendencies to react to your environment in your own unique way\u003C\u002Fstrong>. In the words of Neil Grimmer, Founder & CEO of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhabit.com\u002F\">Habit\u003C\u002Fa>, a California-based start-up focusing on personalizing meal plans based on genetic background, “\u003Cstrong>nutrigenomics\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>looks at your genetic makeup and how it affects the way your body processes food\u003C\u002Fstrong>. It’s about how our unique biology interacts with the food we consume. This means that when thinking about nutrigenomics, we need to think about more than just our genes. We also need to think about how proteins and other metabolites respond to the foods we eat.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21395\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"419\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics.jpg\" alt=\"nutrigenomics\" class=\"wp-image-21395\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-512x247.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.pressedvibrance.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Nutrigenomics is the blockchain of food science\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>With the advancement of genetics and as the number of ventures offering direct-to-consumer genetic testing services is skyrocketing, there are more and more companies providing nutrigenomic assistance. However, while we believe the raison d’etre and the significance of the area is beyond doubt, in many cases, companies producing nutritional supplements hijack attention and\u002For point to shady science as the point of departure for their services.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>As hundreds of ventures are trying to find their niche on the DTC genetic testing market with all available marketing means, and it is more and more difficult for customers to separate the wheat from the chaff. Moreover, as nutrigenomics sounds like an exciting new area – who would not be affected by food, eating or genetics? – its “buzzwordification” started to reach \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Ftop-12-companies-bringing-blockchain-to-healthcare\">blockchain\u003C\u002Fa> levels. What does that mean? As \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-blockchain-companies\u002Fblockchain-name-grabbing-has-echoes-of-dotcom-bubble-idUSKBN1FS1F3\">Reuters explained in its analysis\u003C\u002Fa>, the average share price of companies who have jumped on the blockchain bandwagon and visualized the change at least in their name has risen more than threefold since their re-branding.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Thus, \u003Cstrong>the constant flux of the nutrigenomic market, the tendency to overhype the technology and the scarcity of hard scientific evidence make it difficult to give a precise overview of the industry.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21397\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-1.jpg\" alt=\"nutrigenomics\" class=\"wp-image-21397\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-1.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-1-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-1-512x329.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.beyondverbal.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>A California-based nutrigenomic guru: Habit\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Still, we gathered some information about existing companies. The Medical Futurist has the most direct knowledge about Habit – but unfortunately, we could not try their services as it is not possible to ship their genetic testing kit to Europe. So, if you live in the US, and want to ground your dieting in genomics, you can order a Habit test. Then you \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.popsci.com\u002Fpersonalized-nutrition-company-will-use-your-dna-to-tell-you-what-to-eat\">send back their required blood sample kit\u003C\u002Fa>, do their so-called “metabolic challenge” and provide a series of body metrics like height, weight, and waist circumference as well as lifestyle habits like how often a person walks, runs, or exercises. All of this analysis leads to a personalized meal plan of foods that work best for the user’s body.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Grimmer told us, that “DNA alone is not enough to make substantial nutrition recommendations”. \u003Cstrong>Habit measures over 70 different biomarkers, which include nutrition-related blood markers, how these markers change in response to a proprietary metabolic challenge beverage, and genetic variations within your DNA\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Each Habit customer also provides several body metrics, including body weight, height, waist circumference, as well as their personal health goals, which are all combined to create a custom nutrition plan.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>To back up their operations with scientific evidence, Habit said they partnered with TNO, a leading European independent research organization, and they have a scientific advisory board and laboratory test pathway in conjunction with a third party CLIA-certified lab.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21393\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fhabit_cover.jpeg\" alt=\"Nutrigenomics\" class=\"wp-image-21393\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fhabit_cover.jpeg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fhabit_cover-768x497.jpeg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fhabit_cover-512x332.jpeg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.habit.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>A snapshot of the nutrigenomic palette\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>By all means, several more companies are offering similar services to that of Habit. Arivale uses a blood sample to analyze your genes and then pairs you with a nutritionist to explain the best eating plan for your body. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dnafit.com\u002F\">DNAFit\u003C\u002Fa> also analyses a person’s DNA and their genetic variations to give them a personalized workout and diet plan. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Fnutrigenomics-dna-fitness-diet-regime-dnafit-does-it-work-experts-genetic-gym-health-a7582966.html\">Olympic athlete Greg Rutherford\u003C\u002Fa> swears that DNAFit helped him to hone his exercise regime, and apparently, it is linked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.23andme.com\u002Fen-int\u002F\">23andme\u003C\u002Fa> as well as \u003Ca href=\"ancestry.com\">Ancestry.com\u003C\u002Fa>, but we haven’t tested it so far. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nutrinohealth.com\u002F\">Nutrino\u003C\u002Fa>, an AI nutrition analysis platform, offers individuals the “FoodPrint Report”, a digital signature of how specific foods affect an individual’s body. It compiles users’ health information gathered through wearables and analyzes the food’s impact on health markers such as glucose levels.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Austin-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gxsciences.com\u002F\">GXsciences\u003C\u002Fa> apparently not only offers nutrigenomic, but also pharmacogenomic testing, and has various panels for potential genetic conditions. The Medical Futurist would generally be cautious with companies whose offers seem to be too good to be true – but we don’t have experience with Gxsciences either.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmydietclinic.com\u002Fservices\u002Fnutrigenomix-testing\u002F#.W2BOGdIzZaQ\">Mydiet\u003C\u002Fa> exclusively offers nutrigenomic services, nevertheless, their website has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmydietclinic.com\u002Fresearch-in-nutrigenomics-and-potential-applications-to-practice\u002F#.W2GlJNIzY2w\">only one link\u003C\u002Fa> to a research article, which reveals just too little about the company’s research background. However, we are always open to testing and finding out more about digital health as well as DTC genetic testing ventures, so send us materials or tests, and we’ll be more than happy to try them.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-21401\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-2.jpg\" alt=\"nutrigenomics\" class=\"wp-image-21401\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-2.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-2-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnutrigenomics-2-512x288.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>Source: www.healthline.com\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Without a doubt, technology and new scientific findings have an impact on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fthe-future-of-food-the-food-of-the-future\">food and eating\u003C\u002Fa>. In the future, we might get to know better what we eat and what and how we should eat. There might be pocket-sized sensors on the table to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Ftop-8-technologies-combating-food-allergy\u002F\">test food for gluten, peanut or any other allergens.\u003C\u002Fa> You might use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Ftop-5-digital-innovations-for-food-tracking-and-healthy-eating\u002F\">dietary chatbots\u003C\u002Fa> to tell you what to choose from the menu. Smart forks or chopsticks might nudge you to eat more slowly or help you with lifting the cutlery while your hands are shaking. In the saturated market of new tools for eating, nutrigenomics might become another means to generate insights into how and what we should or shouldn’t eat.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"10px\">\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\">\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>At The Medical Futurist, we are building a community for making a bold vision about the future of healthcare reality today.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FFIbMejImnxs\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003Cp>If you’d like to support this mission, we invite you to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">join The Medical Futurist Patreon Community\u003C\u002Fa>. A community of empowered patients, future-oriented healthcare professionals, concerned health policymakers, sensible health tech developers, and enthusiastic medical students. If there were ever a time to join us, it is now. Every contribution, however big or small, powers our research and sustains our future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.patreon.com\u002Fthemedicalfuturist\">\u003Cstrong style=\"background-color: #e71d3299; color: #000;\">Click here to support The Medical Futurist from as little as $3\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fa> – it only takes a minute. Thank you.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"rendered":196,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>Nutrigenomics emerged lately in food science and dieting similarly to blockchain: it shows the way into the future, but sometimes seems to be hijacked by companies yearning for attention but not having the proper science to back up their products. As many people have no idea what nutrigenomics entails, not to speak about what it should, The Medical Futurist decided to show what nutrigenomics means, where the technology stands at the moment and what it could bring in the future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",21409,{"_acf_changed":20,"footnotes":27},[200,33],510,[202,203,204,205,38,206,207,208,42,209,44,210,211,212,46,47],221,529,240,578,599,259,619,1006,1007,271,275,[],[],[216,217,218,219,220,221,222,51,52],2063,2911,3271,5411,5421,1571,1613,[224,14,56,57,58,59,60,225,63,226,227,228,229,67,230,231,232,71,233,73,234,235,236,75,76],"post-21392","category-future-of-food","tag-eating","tag-healthy-lifestyle","tag-food","tag-nutrigenomics","tag-diet","tag-genetic-testing","tag-lifestyle","tag-food-science","tag-dieting","tag-health","tag-healthcare",{"id":197,"alt_text":27,"caption":27,"description":27,"media_type":80,"media_details":238,"post":124,"source_url":265},{"width":239,"height":240,"file":241,"sizes":242,"image_meta":263},870,489,"2018\u002F08\u002FNutrigenomics-3.jpg",{"medium":243,"large":248,"thumbnail":253,"medium_large":257,"large_old_512x288":258},{"file":244,"width":245,"height":246,"mime-type":90,"source_url":247},"Nutrigenomics-3-370x208.jpg",370,208,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FNutrigenomics-3-370x208.jpg",{"file":249,"width":250,"height":251,"mime-type":90,"source_url":252},"Nutrigenomics-3-768x432.jpg",768,432,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FNutrigenomics-3-768x432.jpg",{"file":254,"width":255,"height":255,"mime-type":90,"source_url":256},"Nutrigenomics-3-150x150.jpg",150,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FNutrigenomics-3-150x150.jpg",{"file":249,"width":250,"height":251,"mime-type":90,"source_url":252},{"file":259,"width":260,"height":261,"mime-type":90,"source_url":262},"Nutrigenomics-3-512x288.jpg",512,288,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FNutrigenomics-3-512x288.jpg",{"aperture":113,"credit":27,"camera":27,"caption":27,"created_timestamp":113,"copyright":27,"focal_length":113,"iso":113,"shutter_speed":113,"title":27,"orientation":113,"keywords":264},[],"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F08\u002FNutrigenomics-3.jpg",{"related_posts":267,"related_posts_footer":271,"cta_type":27,"cta_color":27,"subtitle":27,"related_books":20},[268,269,270],16570,14342,10805,[272,273,123],13135,15120,{"yoast_wpseo_title":275,"yoast_wpseo_metadesc":276,"yoast_wpseo_canonical":190},"What Is Nutrigenomics? - The Medical Futurist","The Medical Futurist shows you what nutrigenomics means, where the technology stands at the moment and what it could bring in the future.",{"self":278,"collection":283,"about":285,"author":287,"replies":289,"version-history":292,"predecessor-version":296,"wp:featuredmedia":300,"wp:attachment":303,"wp:term":306,"curies":317},[279],{"href":280,"targetHints":281},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21392",{"allow":282},[134],[284],{"href":137},[286],{"href":140},[288],{"embeddable":26,"href":143},[290],{"embeddable":26,"href":291},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcomments?post=21392",[293],{"count":294,"href":295},17,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21392\u002Frevisions",[297],{"id":298,"href":299},46465,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F21392\u002Frevisions\u002F46465",[301],{"embeddable":26,"href":302},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia\u002F21409",[304],{"href":305},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia?parent=21392",[307,309,311,313,315],{"taxonomy":163,"embeddable":26,"href":308},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcategories?post=21392",{"taxonomy":166,"embeddable":26,"href":310},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftags?post=21392",{"taxonomy":169,"embeddable":26,"href":312},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fproject_category?post=21392",{"taxonomy":172,"embeddable":26,"href":314},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcontact_email_category?post=21392",{"taxonomy":175,"embeddable":26,"href":316},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fyst_prominent_words?post=21392",[318],{"name":179,"href":180,"templated":26},[],1788949252251]