[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":302},["ShallowReactive",2],{"slug-analyse-your-dna-in-your-living-room":3},{"post":4,"relatedPosts":174,"relatedBooks":301},{"id":5,"date":6,"date_gmt":7,"guid":8,"modified":10,"modified_gmt":11,"slug":12,"status":13,"type":14,"link":15,"title":16,"content":18,"excerpt":21,"author":23,"featured_media":24,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":20,"template":26,"format":27,"meta":28,"categories":29,"tags":31,"project_category":41,"contact_email_category":42,"yst_prominent_words":43,"class_list":64,"better_featured_image":81,"acf":108,"yoast_meta":117,"_links":120},14102,"2016-10-12T15:00:43","2016-10-12T13:00:43",{"rendered":9},"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002F?p=14102","2021-12-06T01:07:44","2021-12-06T00:07:44","analyse-your-dna-in-your-living-room","publish","post","https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fanalyse-your-dna-in-your-living-room",{"rendered":17},"Did You Have A Genetic Test? Analyze Your Raw Data At Home!",{"rendered":19,"protected":20},"\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"5px\"> \u003Ctbody> \u003Ctr> \u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\"> \u003Cp style=\"color: #555;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px\">THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2016. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY BE OUT OF DATE NOW. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmagazine\">BROWSE OUR LATEST ARTICLES HERE\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp> \u003C\u002Ftd> \u003C\u002Ftr> \u003C\u002Ftbody> \u003C\u002Ftable> \u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Personalized medicine allows you not only to take genetic tests at home, but also to analyze your DNA in your living room. You do not need to install a mini-lab in your kitchen, just visit the websites and use the tools which I describe below.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003C!--more-->\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>I’ve had 4 genomic tests in my life – with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscienceroll.com\u002F2009\u002F03\u002F07\u002Fnavigenics-what-my-genome-tells-me-to-do\u002F\">Navigenics\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscienceroll.com\u002F2010\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fpathway-genomics-lets-see-my-genes\u002F\">Pathway Genomics\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscienceroll.com\u002F2014\u002F04\u002F15\u002Fgentle-2\u002F\">My Gentle Labs\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.futuragenetics.com\u002Fen\u002F\">Futura Genetics\u003C\u002Fa> – with 4 different results and experience, but there are many more on the market (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.snpedia.com\u002Findex.php\u002FFamilyTreeDNA\">FamilyTreeDNA\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.snpedia.com\u002Findex.php\u002FAncestry.com\">Ancestry.com\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.snpedia.com\u002Findex.php\u002FComplete_Genomics\">Complete Genomics\u003C\u002Fa>, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.snpedia.com\u002Findex.php\u002FWeGene\">WeGene\u003C\u002Fa>). I summarized my findings with Navigenics \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fnavigenics-what-my-genome-tells-me-to-do\u002F\">here\u003C\u002Fa>, with Pathway Genomics \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscienceroll.com\u002F2010\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fpathway-genomics-lets-see-my-genes\">here\u003C\u002Fa>, with Gentle Lab \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fgentle\u002F\">there\u003C\u002Fa> and with Futura Genetics recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Ffutura-genetics-analyzed-my-genome-review\u002F\">there\u003C\u002Fa>. I also analyzed and regularly re-analyze my own raw data with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpromethease.com\u002Fondemandlicense\">Promethease\u003C\u002Fa>. As a researcher with a PhD in genomics, it is fascinating to see how such tests work in action. I love the possibility to get insights about my genome, not just measuring my vital signs with the help of sensors and wearables.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Learning what mutations I carry and what drugs I would be sensitive to were important pieces of information. But the advice I received from companies was not life-changing. I knew already what I need to do to prevent as many diseases as possible. And I am sure you are also familiar with such facts without any genetic analysis as avoiding smoking, minimizing alcohol consumption, exercising regularly and keeping a healthy diet all contribute to a longer and healthier life.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"302\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fxkcd_genetic_analysis_caricature.png\" alt=\"xkcd caricature - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14104\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fxkcd_genetic_analysis_caricature.png 605w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fxkcd_genetic_analysis_caricature-512x256.png 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fxkcd_genetic_analysis_caricature-458x229.png 458w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>The goldmine in your hands – raw data\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Then I found out I have a goldmine in my hands which I haven’t even started using yet: raw data. Most companies offering genetic tests let users download their raw data. Although only genetic experts can analyse such complicated data sets, more and more services aim to help users do it themselves and thus learn on their own from their data. This does not substitute the professional analysis provided by the companies’ genetic counselors, but it can still be useful.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Thus, if you had a genetic test and get the raw data, you could trace back your ancestors and might receive information whether your great-great grandfather was an Inuit or lived in the jungles of Sumatra and you might get to know what medical conditions you have a risk for. Moreover, as the FDA shut down many of these services, you don’t even get reports from them. 23andme, for instance, only provides you with ancestry reports and uninterpreted raw genetic data in certain countries.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>It’s amazing that according to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.interpretome.com\u002F#similarity\">Interpretome.com\u003C\u002Fa> individuals vary at the genetic level by about 1 in 1300 bases, so any 2 individuals share about 99.97 per cent. So many differences in the remaining 0.03 per cent!\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So \u003Cstrong>let me show you the most helpful tools to analyse your DNA!\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>1) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpromethease.com\u002Fondemandlicense\">Promethease\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Promethease is a literature retrieval system that builds a personal DNA report based on a specific scientific literature to be found in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.snpedia.com\u002Findex.php\u002FSNPedia\">SNPedia\u003C\u002Fa> (a wiki investigating human genetics) and a file of genotype (DNA) data. Customers of DNA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.snpedia.com\u002Findex.php\u002FTesting\">testing\u003C\u002Fa> services can use it to retrieve published data about their DNA completely independent of whichever company produced the data.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fregenerationnet.com\u002F4-tools-analyze-personal-dna\">You can upload your file from your own computer\u003C\u002Fa>, and the analysis will take only 15 minutes and cost $5. Finally, you will receive a personalized report that summarizes the important details of the data and directs you to scientific literature to learn more. The report provides genealogical details to help you learn more about your ancestry and health information regarding your genetic risks for certain illnesses such as Alzheimer’s. I think that it is the most comprehensive and the best tool on the market at the moment.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fmaxresdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Promethease - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14248\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fmaxresdefault.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fmaxresdefault-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fmaxresdefault-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fmaxresdefault-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fmaxresdefault-444x250.jpg 444w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>2) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gedmatch.com\u002Flogin1.php\">GEDmatch\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>One of the most common uses of DNA testing is in uncovering family genealogy. Using consumer DNA testing services, you can uncover your family lines going back several generations. You can identify your racial makeup, familial ties and geographical background.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>GEDmatch provides DNA and genealogical analysis tools for amateur and professional researchers and genealogists alike. It allows you to upload raw data from three DNA testing services; AncestryDNA, FTDNA and 23andme. With its help, you can check for DNA matches with other people who have used similar testing services, determine family connections as far back as possible, learn about your ancestry composition and even check, whether two people, for example, your parents are related or not.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"845\" height=\"564\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgedmatch_chromosome-painting.jpg\" alt=\"GEDmatch - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14107\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgedmatch_chromosome-painting.jpg 845w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgedmatch_chromosome-painting-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgedmatch_chromosome-painting-512x342.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgedmatch_chromosome-painting-375x250.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>3) \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Foymygenes.com\u002Fanalysis\u002F\">Oymygenes.com\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The Oy, My Genes! website can only analyse your 23andme genetic data and they specify on their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Foymygenes\u002Fabout\u002F?entry_point=page_nav_about_item&tab=page_info\">Facebook page\u003C\u002Fa> that you have to speak with a genetic counselor before acting on your results or making any decisions. It examines your DNA for specific diseases such as breast cancer, Crohn’s or Gaucher disease or Factor XI deficiency.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>4) \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeneticgenie.org\u002F\">Genetic Genie\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Genetic Genie also works with your DNA results from a 23andme test. It gives clear and concise and above all, accurate interpretations of the results. This service is free but asks for a voluntary 5 dollar donation.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The website promises to analyse methylation and to give your detox profile. The former is important because incorrect methylation can cause a wide range of serious medical conditions. It seems to be a particular problem among people with chronic Lyme disease, autism and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The detox profile looks at gene SNPs of the Cytochrome P450 detox enzymes, amongst others. It is important to look at this specific information because certain genetic polymorphisms have been shown to impair detoxification of drugs, hormones, environmental toxins, xenobiotics, and more.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirals.jpg\" alt=\"DNA Spirals - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14110\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirals.jpg 640w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirals-512x477.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirals-268x250.jpg 268w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>5) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fathletigen.com\u002F\">Athletigen.com\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The Nova Scotia-based performance company works with several athletes aiming to use the collected DNA information to improve the performance, health and safety of sportsmen. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbc.ca\u002Fnews\u002Fcanada\u002Fnova-scotia\u002Fathletigen-genetic-testing-for-athletes-1.3390866\">They take a swab of spit and map genetic profiles of the athletes\u003C\u002Fa>. They also use raw data originating from 23andme and AncestryDNA.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>For analyzing and interpreting genetic data, Athletigen Technology Inc. has a team of researchers who use a combination of current studies and their own work. These genetic tests could reveal additional insight, from a heightened risk of injury through nutritional demands and allows the helpers of an athlete to adjust his or her workout plan and nutrition accordingly. Thus, Athletigen may uncover an athlete’s heightened sensitivity to saturated fat, which would allow its staff to prescribe a more effective meal plan.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fathletigen-nurture-and-nature.png\" alt=\"Athletigen - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14111\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fathletigen-nurture-and-nature.png 800w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fathletigen-nurture-and-nature-768x446.png 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fathletigen-nurture-and-nature-512x298.png 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fathletigen-nurture-and-nature-430x250.png 430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>6) \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.interpretome.com\u002F\">Interpretome.com\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The Interpretome website only analyses raw data stemming from 23andme and Lumigenix. It offers the most comprehensive analysis currently available on the market but it specifies on its online space that the results are only for educational and research purposes, the information should not be considered diagnostic.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>With the help of Interpretome, you can profile your risk for type 2 diabetes, you can access the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database which contains many information about variations in genes and their attributes to diseases, you can get the best possible “educated guess” about the appropriate level of your warfarin dosing or you can explore DNA variants which may alter your response to specific drugs and pills. Regarding genealogy, you can receive information about your genotype compared to a panel of other individuals, results about the various ancestry pattern components in your DNA and about the most likely populations that your chromosome might originated.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-14112\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fpersonal-genome-data_interpretome.jpg\" alt=\"Personal Genome Data - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14112\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fpersonal-genome-data_interpretome.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fpersonal-genome-data_interpretome-512x354.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fpersonal-genome-data_interpretome-361x250.jpg 361w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>The place of your genetic data in the context of worldwide patterns of genetic variation\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>7) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.infino.me\u002F\">Infino.me\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Infino.me describes itself as a citizen science experiment to help people lose weight, feel better, and live longer. They use genomic and health tracker data to get to the bottom of two of the most common diseases in the United States: heart disease and cancer. Thus, you can also upload your 23andme DNA testing data and the data from your fitness and health trackers such as FitBit, Jawbone, Whitings or Beddit. Anyone can participate in the project, so if you would like to be part of an awesome experiment and browse among the best data visualization available, do it!\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"653\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Finfinome.jpg\" alt=\"Infinome - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14113\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Finfinome.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Finfinome-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Finfinome-512x384.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Finfinome-333x250.jpg 333w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>8) \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgenomapp.com\u002F\">Genomapp.com\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Genomapp is an app that analyses your genetic raw data in 5 minutes (!) to give you the information of your DNA based on 23andme, Ancestry or Family Tree genetic test data.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>They have the most extensive list of conditions (diseases) from public sources. When you submit your raw data file to Genomapp you obtain a report which associates your genotype with a list of conditions. The report contains different categories such as complex diseases (cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinson’s disease), monogenic diseases, inherited conditions, drugs response and traits.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgenomapp.jpg\" alt=\"Genomapp - Analyse your DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14116\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgenomapp.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgenomapp-768x517.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgenomapp-512x345.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fgenomapp-371x250.jpg 371w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>If these tools cannot alleviate your appetite, you can find more information \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.23andyou.com\u002F3rdparty\">here\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Only one question remained…\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>Who should analyze your genome? Geneticists or \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fshall-we-sequence-genomes-at-homes-the-future-of-genomics\u002F\">\u003Cstrong>you\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cstrong>? Regulatory agencies should decide!\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>My genetic researcher self thinks it makes sense to highly involve a geneticist and a physician in the process of analyzing your genome. Interpreting the exceptionally complicated results is tricky and a layperson might draw false conclusions even by using such services described above.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>My e-patient self thinks it is my right to analyze my own data and I’m free to use any services for this purpose.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The solution lies \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fthe-future-of-the-fda-and-drug-regulations-2\u002F\">in the hands of policy makers and regulatory agencies such as the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA\u003C\u002Fa>) that should lead this movement by demonstrating clearly what we need from such companies.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>While the freedom to access information about our health is crucial, regulatory agencies must make sure the data patients receive is accurate and is discussed with a genetic counselor or physician. Otherwise, patients might interpret results wrongly. In five-to-10 years, genome sequencing will become accessible to almost everyone, and won’t be limited to big companies with serious capital. When that time comes, the FDA will face a serious scenario in which patients access the information in their DNA and analyze it at home with services like IBM Watson. They won’t need to involve any healthcare professional. But lifestyle and medical decisions based on such information will still require expertise that only trained physicians can bring to the table.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",false,{"rendered":22,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2016. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY […]\u003C\u002Fp>\n",6,14103,"closed","","standard",{"_acf_changed":20,"footnotes":26},[30],488,[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40],308,355,519,565,212,260,261,271,272,[],[],[44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63],1973,1995,1975,1997,1977,1999,1979,1981,1693,1983,1727,1985,1965,1987,1967,1989,1969,1991,1971,1993,[65,14,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80],"post-14102","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genomics","tag-medical-education","tag-personalized-medicine","tag-gc4","tag-genealogy","tag-dna","tag-genetics","tag-genome","tag-health","tag-health-20",{"id":24,"alt_text":82,"caption":26,"description":26,"media_type":83,"media_details":84,"post":5,"source_url":107},"Genetic testing - Analyse your DNA","image",{"width":85,"height":86,"file":87,"sizes":88,"image_meta":105},870,434,"2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirale-genetic-testing.jpg",{"medium":89,"large":95,"thumbnail":100,"medium_large":104},{"file":90,"width":91,"height":92,"mime-type":93,"source_url":94},"dna-spirale-genetic-testing-370x208.jpg","370","208","image\u002Fjpeg","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirale-genetic-testing-370x208.jpg",{"file":96,"width":97,"height":98,"mime-type":93,"source_url":99},"dna-spirale-genetic-testing-768x383.jpg","768","383","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirale-genetic-testing-768x383.jpg",{"file":101,"width":102,"height":102,"mime-type":93,"source_url":103},"dna-spirale-genetic-testing-150x150.jpg","150","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirale-genetic-testing-150x150.jpg",{"file":96,"width":97,"height":98,"mime-type":93,"source_url":99},{"aperture":106,"credit":26,"camera":26,"caption":26,"created_timestamp":106,"copyright":26,"focal_length":106,"iso":106,"shutter_speed":106,"title":26,"orientation":106},"0","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F09\u002Fdna-spirale-genetic-testing.jpg",{"related_posts":109,"related_posts_footer":113,"cta_type":26,"cta_color":26,"subtitle":26,"related_books":20},[110,111,112],17450,17759,15713,[114,115,116],16209,15534,14192,{"yoast_wpseo_title":118,"yoast_wpseo_metadesc":119,"yoast_wpseo_canonical":15},"Did You Have A Genetic Test? Raw DNA Data Analysis At Home","DNA testing services AncestryDNA and 23andme allows you take genetic tests & analyse your DNA at home. Here's how to read raw DNA results",{"self":121,"collection":127,"about":130,"author":133,"replies":137,"version-history":140,"predecessor-version":144,"wp:featuredmedia":148,"wp:attachment":151,"wp:term":154,"curies":170},[122],{"href":123,"targetHints":124},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F14102",{"allow":125},[126],"GET",[128],{"href":129},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts",[131],{"href":132},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftypes\u002Fpost",[134],{"embeddable":135,"href":136},true,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fusers\u002F6",[138],{"embeddable":135,"href":139},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcomments?post=14102",[141],{"count":142,"href":143},10,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F14102\u002Frevisions",[145],{"id":146,"href":147},37297,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F14102\u002Frevisions\u002F37297",[149],{"embeddable":135,"href":150},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia\u002F14103",[152],{"href":153},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia?parent=14102",[155,158,161,164,167],{"taxonomy":156,"embeddable":135,"href":157},"category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcategories?post=14102",{"taxonomy":159,"embeddable":135,"href":160},"post_tag","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftags?post=14102",{"taxonomy":162,"embeddable":135,"href":163},"project_category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fproject_category?post=14102",{"taxonomy":165,"embeddable":135,"href":166},"contact_email_category","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcontact_email_category?post=14102",{"taxonomy":168,"embeddable":135,"href":169},"yst_prominent_words","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fyst_prominent_words?post=14102",[171],{"name":172,"href":173,"templated":135},"wp","https:\u002F\u002Fapi.w.org\u002F{rel}",[175],{"id":116,"date":176,"date_gmt":177,"guid":178,"modified":180,"modified_gmt":181,"slug":182,"status":13,"type":14,"link":183,"title":184,"content":186,"excerpt":188,"author":23,"featured_media":189,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":20,"template":26,"format":27,"meta":190,"categories":191,"tags":193,"project_category":204,"contact_email_category":205,"yst_prominent_words":206,"class_list":209,"better_featured_image":222,"acf":255,"yoast_meta":256,"_links":259},"2016-10-18T15:00:29","2016-10-18T13:00:29",{"rendered":179},"http:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002F?p=14192","2021-12-06T01:08:33","2021-12-06T00:08:33","crispr","https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fcrispr",{"rendered":185},"The Amazing Story of the Genome Editing Method, CRISPR",{"rendered":187,"protected":20},"\n\u003Ctable style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #eee; border-top: 4px solid #444;\" cellpadding=\"5px\"> \u003Ctbody> \u003Ctr> \u003Ctd style=\"width: 100%;\"> \u003Cp style=\"color: #555;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px\">THIS ARTICLE HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED SINCE 2016. THE INFORMATION SHARED IN THE ARTICLE WAS ACCURATE AT THE TIME OF ITS PUBLICATION, BUT IT MAY BE OUT OF DATE NOW. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fmagazine\">BROWSE OUR LATEST ARTICLES HERE\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp> \u003C\u002Ftd> \u003C\u002Ftr> \u003C\u002Ftbody> \u003C\u002Ftable> \u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>CRISPR is the newest, most efficient and most accurate method to edit a cell’s genome. It opens up a myriad of wonderful opportunities as well as frightening ethical challenges in healthcare. \u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003C!--more-->\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>We have to understand it and prepare for the medical revolution it brings upon us, so here I summarized everything to know about this genome editing method from DNA-scissors to currently unimaginable possibilities, such as having an army of gene-edited soldiers.  Since there is so much to know about it, I broke down the story into three parts. First, let me introduce you the history and discovery of CRISPR.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>I know what you are thinking. “\u003Cem>Holy Jesus, what am I going into? I would never get something like that. I was the closest to CRISPR when I wanted to look up the calories in crisps on Google and I accidentally misspelled it\u003C\u002Fem>”.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Don’t worry, I’m going to walk you through it.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>By CRISPR (pronounced crisper), the medical community means the CRISPR\u002FCas9 system. It is a bacterial-derived RNA-directed endonuclease that generates blunt ends. Yes, go through it again. I know you still have doubts about the topic. Your thoughts wander to issues whether you watered the plants and when the next episode of The Walking Dead comes out. Just keep on reading.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-and-cas9.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR genome editing method\" class=\"wp-image-14194\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-and-cas9.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-and-cas9-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-and-cas9-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-and-cas9-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-and-cas9-444x250.jpg 444w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>DNA Scissors and the Never-ending War – A One-minute Biology Lesson\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh1>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Basically\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Life and evolution have invented a method to remove DNA segments from an organism’s DNA. The system actually invents and uses DNA scissors that only cut DNA where you need them to.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>In a more complicated manner\u003C\u002Fstrong>. CRISPR stands for “Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats” and is a series of short repetitions in bacterial DNA. Why in bacteria? It is due to the oldest war on Earth – bacteria versus viruses. And believe me, it would be a lot bloodier than Game of Thrones if it were going on with their human-sized versions. CRISPR is actually a prokaryotic immune system that helps bacteria fight foreign genetic elements of invader viruses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>When a bacterium survives a virus attack, some genetic elements of the virus still remain inside the bacterium, and it stores them for possible future attacks as an antidote – these are basically the CRISPR sequences, in the form of a CRISPR RNA molecule, so a kind of molecular messenger that converts genes into proteins. You can imagine them as a “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantamagazine.org\u002F20150206-crispr-dna-editor-bacteria\u002F\">molecular most-wanted gallery\u003C\u002Fa>”, representing the enemies the microbe has encountered through its short life. Next time a virus attacks, the CRISPR-Cas9 system will have the appropriate response. The small RNA molecule directs the Cas9 enzymes (the word Cas stems from CRISPR Associated) to the specific DNA sequence as a state-of-the-art GPS, and the Cas9 enzyme chops the viral DNA in two, preventing the virus from replicating.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fbacteria-versus-viruses.png\" alt=\"CRISPR genome editing method - Bacteria versus viruses\" class=\"wp-image-14193\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fbacteria-versus-viruses.png 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fbacteria-versus-viruses-370x208.png 370w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fbacteria-versus-viruses-768x432.png 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fbacteria-versus-viruses-512x288.png 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fbacteria-versus-viruses-445x250.png 445w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>It is somehow similar to the adaptive immune system of humans – as for example in the case of measles, the system learns to recognize the measles virus in couple of days, and it produces antigens wiping it out of your body. Once the infection is over, we can hold onto these immunological memories. A few immune cells tailored to measles stay with us for our lifetime, ready to attack again. Something similar happens with CRISPR and bacteria.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>And why is CRISPR important?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh1>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The overall aim of most microbiological researches is to understand how things work. And it is usually fascinating enough to keep up the good work. But in the case of CRISPR, the discovery can turn into something bigger, something, which can be put to practice, namely a genome editing tool.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Scientists discovered lately that by delivering the Cas enzymes and so-called guide RNAs into a cell, they can cut the cell’s genome at a desired location. This way, they can remove existing genes and\u002For add new ones. Almost without limits.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\u003Ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Genome Editing with CRISPR-Cas9\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002F2pp17E4E-O8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Do you Already See How Significant the Discovery is? \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>So How did it Happen?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>The Voyage Into the Innermost Secrets of our Bodies\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh1>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Humans have been experimenting with nature and life for thousands of years. Think about all the domesticated plants and animals. Through selective breeding humans enabled the life of certain species with certain traits beneficial for them, while let others with less advantageous characteristics die out. It is the basis of genetic engineering.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Although the structure of the DNA was \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.yourgenome.org\u002Fstories\u002Fthe-discovery-of-dna\">discovered officially in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick\u003C\u002Fa>, a Swiss chemist extracted it from white blood cells as early as the 1800s. Scientists in the 1960s started to use radiation on plants to cause random mutations in the genetic code. They haven’t had the tools for targeted alterations, thus they reclined upon random chance. Either they could manipulate a plant into something else useful – or not.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fjames-watson-and-francis-crick-in-the-process-of-discovering-the-dna.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR genome editing method - Discovery of the DNA\" class=\"wp-image-14195\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fjames-watson-and-francis-crick-in-the-process-of-discovering-the-dna.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fjames-watson-and-francis-crick-in-the-process-of-discovering-the-dna-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fjames-watson-and-francis-crick-in-the-process-of-discovering-the-dna-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fjames-watson-and-francis-crick-in-the-process-of-discovering-the-dna-512x512.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fjames-watson-and-francis-crick-in-the-process-of-discovering-the-dna-250x250.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Later, researchers started to experiment with DNA-injections in bacteria, plants and animals alike. The earliest genetically modified animal was born as early as 1974. Right, over 40 years ago! In the 1980s, various engineered bacteria such as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscienceblogs.com\u002Foscillator\u002F2010\u002F06\u002F08\u002Foil-eating-bacteria\u002F\">oil-eating bacteria\u003C\u002Fa> was patented. The first genetically modified food was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.planetnatural.com\u002Fflavr-savr-tomato\u002F\">introduced in 1994 with the Flavr Savr Tomato\u003C\u002Fa> – which then disappeared soon after from the shelves of supermarkets. And there is still a huge debate about GMOs – which shows the tremendous technological, biological, moral and legal issues around the interference with genes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Editing the genome has been a uniquely challenging task. It involved a lot of time-consuming methods in the past, required advanced laboratory equipment with the associated skills and success rates still varied.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Genome editing has been a sexy topic in genetics since the completion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.genome.gov\u002F10001772\u002Fall-about-the--human-genome-project-hgp\u002F\">Human Genome Project\u003C\u002Fa> in April 2003, so the mapping of the complete genetic blueprint of a human being, but it hasn’t really materialized in practice. But we cannot really say that from the completion of the Human Genome Project, it was just one step to the discovery of CRISPR. It was rather a half-marathon.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fhuman-genome-project-timeline.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR Genome Editing - Human Genome Project\" class=\"wp-image-14197\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fhuman-genome-project-timeline.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fhuman-genome-project-timeline-768x237.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fhuman-genome-project-timeline-512x158.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fhuman-genome-project-timeline-458x141.jpg 458w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>What Has DNA with Yogurt in Common?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh1>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>In 1987, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantamagazine.org\u002F20150206-crispr-dna-editor-bacteria\u002F\">Yoshizumi Ishino and colleagues at Osaka University in Japan published the sequence of a gene\u003C\u002Fa> called “iap” belonging to the gut microbe \u003Cem>E. coli\u003C\u002Fem>. To better understand how the gene worked, the scientists also sequenced some of the DNA surrounding it. There, what they found was a peculiar genetic sandwich. Scientists were puzzled over it throughout years, and only in 2002, Ruud Jansen of Utrecht University in the Netherlands and colleagues \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2958.2002.02839.x\u002Ffull?__hstc=13887208.d140f4b70729fb72a295e171cc3e5b9c.1474994197731.1475069012335.1475086842470.3&__hssc=13887208.1.1475086842470&__hsfp=2550909780\">dubbed\u003C\u002Fa> these peculiar sequences CRISPR and the accompanying collection of genes Cas genes. Later, after studying CRISPR and Cas genes for years, Eugene Koonin came up with the idea that perhaps microbes use it as weapons against viruses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>The theory was bold enough to catch the attention of a microbiologist called Rodolphe Barangou. He decided to test it for his employer, the yogurt-maker Danisco. The company depended on bacteria to convert milk into yogurt, and sometimes entire cultures would be lost to outbreaks of bacteria-killing viruses. To test Koonin’s hypothesis, Barrangou and his colleagues infected a milk-fermenting microbe with two strains of viruses. They killed many of the bacteria, but some survived. When those resistant bacteria multiplied, their descendants turned out to be resistant too. Some genetic change had occurred.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-art-of-the-cell-crispr.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR Genome Editing\" class=\"wp-image-14199\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-art-of-the-cell-crispr.jpg 870w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-art-of-the-cell-crispr-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-art-of-the-cell-crispr-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-art-of-the-cell-crispr-512x288.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-art-of-the-cell-crispr-444x250.jpg 444w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>CRISPR and its secrets caught also the imagination of Jennifer Doudna, a biochemist at the University of California, Berkeley. She started to analyse it, and later Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research in Germany joined her research lab in 2007. Their team presented the first demonstration of CRISPR’s potential only in 2012. They crafted molecules that could enter a microbe and precisely snip its DNA at a location of the researchers’ choosing. In January 2013, they went one step further. They cut out a particular piece of DNA in human cells and replaced it with another one. But CRISPR has a lot more to offer than “only” editing genes. Researchers are discovering only now that gene-editing is just the tip of the iceberg. They have to analyse CRISPR more thoroughly to come to terms with its huge potential.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantamagazine.org\u002F20150206-crispr-dna-editor-bacteria\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-14200 size-full\">\u003Cfigure class=\"aligncenter\">\u003Cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002F1712507217.rsc.cdn77.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-researchers.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR Genome Editing - Researchers\" class=\"wp-image-14200\" srcset=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-researchers.jpg 800w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-researchers-768x445.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-researchers-512x297.jpg 512w, https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-researchers-431x250.jpg 431w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \u002F>\u003Cfigcaption>(From left) Jennifer Doudna, David Taylor and Eva Nogales obtained the first high-resolution structural data on the RNA-targeting Type III CRISPR-Cas surveillance complex. Credit: Roy Kaltschmidt\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\n\n\n\u003Ch1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003Cstrong>And What Does it Practically Mean?\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh1>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Besides the fact that it can help milk-fermenting bacteria do their job properly when producing yogurt?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>It has the potential to genetically alter an organism or even a species. And (if it were an only, but) not only that! Imagine the eradication of genetic disorders such as albinism or Alzheimer’s disease. Imagine the possibilities of genetically engineered babies and the slowing down or complete eradication of ageing.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>Are you terrified already? Now, look, it is the normal reaction to the rapid development of genetics and CRISPR concerning the bioethical, legal and social consequences. But, see how much you will be when you get to know how soon it will come to the GP next to you.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>I can assure you, it will be pretty soon. That is the reason why we have to prepare for it, we have to know about it and discuss the possible loopholes, dangers and dead ends we can accidentally walk into.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>So Read the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedicalfuturist.com\u002Fwhat-can-you-achieve-with-crispr-therapy\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Second Part\u003C\u002Fa> if You Are Curious Whether We Are About to Open Pandora’s Box Again or Rather to Get the Greatest Hope of Mankind!\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"rendered":22,"protected":20},14198,{"_acf_changed":20,"footnotes":26},[192,30],500,[194,195,196,197,198,37,199,39,200,201,202,203],253,570,255,571,257,262,289,313,246,517,[],[],[44,207,208],2657,3031,[210,14,66,67,68,69,70,211,71,212,213,214,215,216,77,217,79,218,219,220,221],"post-14192","category-biotechnology","tag-gene","tag-crispr","tag-gene-therapy","tag-genome-editing","tag-genetic-disorder","tag-genomics","tag-innovation","tag-medicine","tag-future","tag-gc1",{"id":189,"alt_text":26,"caption":26,"description":26,"media_type":83,"media_details":223,"post":116,"source_url":254},{"width":85,"height":224,"file":225,"sizes":226,"image_meta":252},609,"2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0.jpg",{"medium":227,"large":232,"thumbnail":237,"medium_large":241,"large_old_512x358":242,"medium_old_357x250":247},{"file":228,"width":229,"height":230,"mime-type":93,"source_url":231},"crispr-dna-editing-1200x0-370x208.jpg",370,208,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0-370x208.jpg",{"file":233,"width":234,"height":235,"mime-type":93,"source_url":236},"crispr-dna-editing-1200x0-768x538.jpg",768,538,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0-768x538.jpg",{"file":238,"width":239,"height":239,"mime-type":93,"source_url":240},"crispr-dna-editing-1200x0-150x150.jpg",150,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0-150x150.jpg",{"file":233,"width":234,"height":235,"mime-type":93,"source_url":236},{"file":243,"width":244,"height":245,"mime-type":93,"source_url":246},"crispr-dna-editing-1200x0-512x358.jpg",512,358,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0-512x358.jpg",{"file":248,"width":249,"height":250,"mime-type":93,"source_url":251},"crispr-dna-editing-1200x0-357x250.jpg",357,250,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0-357x250.jpg",{"aperture":106,"credit":26,"camera":26,"caption":26,"created_timestamp":106,"copyright":26,"focal_length":106,"iso":106,"shutter_speed":106,"title":26,"orientation":106,"keywords":253},[],"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fcrispr-dna-editing-1200x0.jpg",{"related_posts":20,"related_posts_footer":20,"cta_type":26,"cta_color":26,"subtitle":26,"related_books":20},{"yoast_wpseo_title":257,"yoast_wpseo_metadesc":258,"yoast_wpseo_canonical":183},"The Amazing Story of the Genome Editing Method, CRISPR - The Medical Futurist","CRISPR is a genome editing method with brand-new opportunities as well as ethical challenges. Here, let me introduce the history and discovery of CRISPR.",{"self":260,"collection":265,"about":267,"author":269,"replies":271,"version-history":274,"predecessor-version":278,"wp:featuredmedia":282,"wp:attachment":285,"wp:term":288,"curies":299},[261],{"href":262,"targetHints":263},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F14192",{"allow":264},[126],[266],{"href":129},[268],{"href":132},[270],{"embeddable":135,"href":136},[272],{"embeddable":135,"href":273},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcomments?post=14192",[275],{"count":276,"href":277},7,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F14192\u002Frevisions",[279],{"id":280,"href":281},37305,"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts\u002F14192\u002Frevisions\u002F37305",[283],{"embeddable":135,"href":284},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia\u002F14198",[286],{"href":287},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fmedia?parent=14192",[289,291,293,295,297],{"taxonomy":156,"embeddable":135,"href":290},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcategories?post=14192",{"taxonomy":159,"embeddable":135,"href":292},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Ftags?post=14192",{"taxonomy":162,"embeddable":135,"href":294},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fproject_category?post=14192",{"taxonomy":165,"embeddable":135,"href":296},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fcontact_email_category?post=14192",{"taxonomy":168,"embeddable":135,"href":298},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.medicalfuturist.com\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fyst_prominent_words?post=14192",[300],{"name":172,"href":173,"templated":135},[],1786432663807]